Animal Parasites and MessmatesBeneden, P. J. van (Pierre Joseph)
Science
Animal Parasites and Messmates
Beneden, P. J. van (Pierre Joseph)
Parasites
An interesting division of amphipods have received the name of
_Hyperinæ_. These crustaceans generally swim with facility, but walk
with difficulty. They therefore usually have recourse to fishes, or
even to medusæ, in order to gain support. We find on our own coasts
the _Hyperina Latreillii_, lodged in the superb _Rhizostoma_, which 33
regularly appears in the later season of the year on the coast of
Ostend; and a long time since, in 1776, O. F. Müller gave to a species
of this genus the name of _Hyperina medusarum_. Mr. Alexander Agassiz
once found a _Hyperina_ on the disc of an _Aurelia_. The medusa, when
extended, forms for them a balloon with its parachute, which supports
and conveys them with greater or less rapidity. Professor Möbius has
but lately remarked the presence of _Hyperina galba_, Mont., in the
_Stomobrachium octocostatum_, Sars, a small species of medusa which
appears in the Bay of Kiel in October and November. This naturalist
supposes that these messmates at first inhabited the _Medusa aurita_,
and then migrated into this species.
Besides these, there are _Gammari_, which, according to Semper, live
in the _Avicula meleagrina_ (pearl mussel), and are perhaps the
principal manufacturers of fine pearls. The immense buccal cavity of
the fishing-frog (_Lophius piscatorius_) is the abode in the
Mediterranean of an _Apterychta_, and in the Northern Ocean of a
curious amphipod of the ordinary size of the _Gammarus_, which takes a
voyage without expense, and with no fear of wanting provisions. My son
discovered it at Ostend, and proposes the name of _Lophiocola_ to
distinguish it. The Gammari give lodging themselves to a great
quantity of parasites, which they must introduce into the bodies of
those to whom they serve as food. It has been long known that whales
have lice, to which naturalists have given the name of Cyami. They are
found on the whales of both hemispheres, and on some other cetaceans.
It is very remarkable that they are seen on the true whales of 34
the north and of the temperate regions, on the _Megaptera_, and on
several _Catodonta_, and that none are found in the _Balenoptera_. Mr.
Dall has just noticed some on the singular _Grey Whale_ of California.
In general, we may say that each cetacean which harbours them, has its
own species. Are they parasites or messmates? If we are to believe
Roussel de Vauzème, they feed on the skin itself of the whale, the
remains of which, it is said, are found in their stomach. According to
this naturalist, the parts of the mouth are not adapted for suction,
and the stomach contains ruminating apparatus. We think that a fresh
examination is necessary before this question can be determined. The
_Cyami_ seem to us to live on the whale, as the _Arguli_ and the
_Caligi_ do on fish; and if these living creatures derive their
nourishment only from the mucous products secreted by the skin, we may
ask whether they ought not to be classed in a separate category, for
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