The racial history of apes can only be traced with any certainty up to the Miocene period. The fact of the contemporary existence of apes and pachydermata has been frequently asserted, but it is still too far from being established to merit further consideration here. Traces of the slender ape (_Semnopithecus_) have, however, been found in the Miocene of Greece, Wurtemburg, the mountains of Sewalik, and in the region bordering on the Himalayas. The name given to one of these fossil species (_Semnopithecus subhimalayanus_) seems to establish its locality. The numerous remains of _Mesopithecus Pentelici_ in Attica have, however, given rise to controversy. Gaudry and Beyrich were disposed to assign these specimens exclusively to the slender ape, but Gaudry has since declared that, while the structure of the skull and teeth is that of _Semnopithecus_, the structure of the limbs is that of a macaca. He regards, therefore, _Mesopithecus_ as an interesting form of apes, and this is expressed by its scientific name.[126] The separation of these two species of apes (_Semnopithecus_ and _Macacus_) must, he considers, have occurred rather late. _Pliopithecus_, from the fresh-water marl, Sansan, is assigned by Gaudry and others to the gibbon. Lartet and Quenstedt believe, however, that it is nearer to the next neighbour on the south, the magot (_Inuus_), on account of the five fangs of its last tooth. Köllner thinks the connection with _Semnopithecus_ not improbable. _Dryopithecus Fontanii_, of which I have already spoken, seems, as I judge from a cast taken by Fric in Prague, to be of an expressly anthropoid character; but the scantiness of the materials do not allow us to form any precise conclusions as to the zoological position of this extinct animal. The structure of the back teeth, as we have already said, is certainly anthropoidal. Quenstedt, always cautious in his judgments, is of opinion that the ape’s teeth found in the ironstone of the Suabian Alps in the secondary mammal formation, are of a decidedly anthropoid character, and the animals to which they belonged must therefore have been of the same type. Fossil remains of the African stumpy ape (_Colobus_) have also been found at Steinheim.[127] _Macacus priscus_ of the valley of the Arno seems to be allied with the African macaca.[128] Owen’s _Macacus pliocenus_ from Essex is closely related to _Macacus sinicus_. Fossil apes have also been observed in America. _Protopithecus_ was a very large animal, related to _Mycetes_. Another fossil species, found in South America (_Laopithecus_), must have been closely related to man. This latter fact is the more remarkable, since it has generally been assumed, and indeed with reason, that there is a marked division between the apes of the Old and New Worlds.