In the year 1868 Colonel Laussedat, of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, exhibited the lower jaw of a rhinoceros, found in the Miocene at Billy, Allier, in which there was a notch which must, in the opinion of many naturalists, have been made by the hand of man. The Abbé Delaunay found in the Miocene of Pouancé, Maine-et-Loire, the rib of a Halitherium, which was notched, and which likewise appeared to have been subjected to human manipulation. Garrigou is of opinion that certain bones found at Sansan were broken by the hand of man, and Dücker expressed a similar belief about the fossils of Pikermi. These ideas have been strongly opposed. Many of the marks on these bones have been represented to bear traces of the teeth of carnivora, rodents, etc. The Abbé Bourgeois found flints in the Miocene of Thenay, near Pont-Levoy, Loir-et-Cher, of which he ascribes the working to beings of a higher intelligence than the animals of that period. This opinion is shared by eminent anthropologists, such as Vibraye, Worsaae, Mortillet, de Quatrefages, and Hamy. Gaudry does not doubt the accuracy of the account given of their position at Thenay, by so experienced a geologist as Bourgeois. The illustrious observer of the quaternary epoch is only concerned with the question whether these flints at Thenay were artificially worked or not. The stones were found in a layer of the same kind of rubble. When a number of such flints are placed together, only a few people can discover an incontestable distinction between the artificially shaped and the unshaped stones. The alleged presence of shaped flints in the Miocene Age still demands careful examination. The epoch of the Middle Miocene is very ancient, and Léberon distinguishes between fauna found in the limestone of Beauce and Faluns and those of the Upper Miocene, of Eppelsheim and Pikermi. According to this author, the next in succession was the Lower Pliocene of Montpellier; then the Pliocene of Perrier, Solilhac, and Coupet. Next came the fauna of the forest bed at Cromer, and then those of the boulder clay. To judge from the Norfolk strata, these latter were of very long duration. Above the fauna of the boulder clay are those of the diluvium, followed by the fauna of the reindeer period and of our own time.