It should be added to what I have said in the text, that the uvula of the orang-utan is often absent (Bischoff, _Beiträge zur Anatomie des Gorilla_, p. 37; and Rückart, _Der Pharynx als Sprach- und Schluck-apparat_, p. 24, plate iii. fig. 10: Munich, 1882). I have, however, examined a specimen in which the uvula was quite perceptible, as well as the palate and arched root of the tongue. In addition to the lower jaw from Naulette, of which I have spoken above, the fragment of a lower jaw has lately been found in the Schipka cave, Moravia, declared by Schaaffhausen to be that of an ape-like child. Virchow has carefully examined this fragment, and considers that it belongs to an adult of the mammoth age, who suffered from retention of the teeth, and that there is nothing pithecoid about it. The same author subjected the Naulette jaw, which he has repeatedly examined in Brussels, to a close analysis, and is somewhat disposed to admit the pithecoid character of this specimen (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, p. 277: 1882). R. Baume, on the other hand, considers that both the Naulette jaw and that from the Schipka cave are pithecoid forms. He finds in these two specimens the actual proof of the existence of man-apes in the diluvial period, since they differ widely, in the form of the lower jaw, from any living specimens. This author is of opinion that in the diluvial period there must have been races of men far inferior to the lowest races now in existence (_Die Kieferfragmente von La Naulette und aus der Schipkahöhle_, Leipzig, 1883). See Hartmann, _Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin_, November 19, 1878, for remarks on the tendon, the blood-vessels of the shoulder and thigh in anthropoids, in addition to those given in the text. AUTHORITIES FOR CHAPTER I. (1) “Hinc (_i.e._ Θεῶν ὄχημα) tridui navigatione torrentes igneos prætervecti in sinum venimus, qui Noti Ceras dicitur (Νότου Κέρας). In sinus recessu insula erat priori, illi similis; nam lacum habebat, in quo insula erat altera, referta hominibus silvestribus. Erant autem multo plures mulieres hirsutis corporibus, quas interpretes Gorillas (Γορίλλας) vocabant. Nos persequentes viros quidem capere non potuimus, omnes enim effugiebant quum per præcipitia scanderent et saxis se defenderent; sed feminas cepimus tres, quæ mordentes et lacerantes ductores sequi nolebant. Atque occidimus eas et pelles detractas asportavimus Carthaginem. Neque enim ulterius navigavimus, quum annona deficeret” (Hannonis Carthaginiensis Periplus. Geographi Græci Minores, ed. C. Muelleri, vol. i.). (2) Comp. Temminck, Esquisses zoologiques sur la cote de Guinée (Leiden, 1853), p. 3.