in the parts of the mouth in insects which in some cases form movable mandibles, while in others they are attenuated into a proboscis. When it is asserted that apes are not quadrumanous, it is as if we were to say that flies have no proboscis, but attenuated mandibles.”[61] All apes, including anthropoids, occasionally make use of their hinder extremities in order to snatch at objects. They also grasp with them in climbing. On such occasions, when they wish to secure the fruit they have seized from the voracity of their fellows, they take it between the toes of one hinder extremity, in order to be able to get away more quickly by means of the other, and by the use of both hands. From what we have said, it will be seen how difficult it is to reconcile the views of different observers with respect to the fitting term to be given to the hinder extremities of apes. Against those who uphold the designation of _hind hands_ we must oppose the anatomical structure, and also the fact that a true hand ought to possess the power of rotation in a degree which exists in the fore, but not in the hind, extremities of apes. On this account I have already adopted, as more suitable and equally distinctive, the term of _prehensile foot_ for this member.[62] I agree with Haeckel in rejecting the common designation of apes as four-handed or quadrumanous. The bands or ligaments which connect the different parts of the anthropoid skeleton together, and convert the detached elements into a movable machinery, do not on the whole differ much from the same structure in man. A detailed account of these ligaments would, for several reasons, be out of place in this work, and I shall only mention a few special and more interesting distinctions. Such, for example, is the uncommon strength of the _ligamentum nuchæ_ in the gorilla, which is quite in harmony with the great development of the spinous processes of the upper cervical vertebræ, and with the flattening of the squamous occipital portion. Since the sacral vertebræ are deeply inserted between the high ilia, the ilio-lumbar ligaments (_ligamenta iliolumbalia_) and the sacro-iliac ligaments (_ligamenta iliosacralia_) are of considerable size. In agreement with the projection in a downward direction of the high, narrow ischial bones, the sacro-sciatic ligaments which extend between these and the sacrum are very long in the chimpanzee. Although in this case the ischial spine is only represented by a roughness of the bone, yet there is on either side between this and the sacrum a powerful lesser sacro-sciatic ligament (_ligamentum spinoso-sacrum_).