The chimpanzee became the more general object of zoological and anatomical study at an earlier period, since the species occupied a wider area than the gorilla, and is more easily captured. I have already mentioned Hanno’s observations on the subject, and the animal described by von Tulpe. In 1740 Buffon had seen a young specimen of the chimpanzee, and another was in existence in London at the same time. In vol. 35, pl. 2, of his Natural History, Buffon gives an illustration of the chimpanzee, and pl. 3 represents an orang-utan, not very true to nature, but still recognizable (64). It is commonly supposed that the Dutch traveller Bosman, cited by Buffon, was acquainted both with the gorilla and the chimpanzee. He speaks of an ape about five feet high, living near Fort Wimba “d’une couleur fauve” (65). Although Buffon was acquainted with the names chimpanzee and chimpezée, as well as with Battel’s surmises about the pongo and the enjeco, yet he regarded the jockos, pongos, and orangs as animals all belonging to one species. The young African animals observed by him and von Tulpe (chimpanses) must have been young pongos (66). The name pongo was afterwards applied to the old misshapen orang-utan. The skin and skeleton of the chimpanzee observed by Buffon when still alive, was preserved in the Zoological Museum in Paris as late as 1842 (67). There is a beautiful illustration of a young female which lived in the menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris in 1838 in the catalogue of this noble institution (68). This illustration, in which the animal is represented on all fours, has since been frequently copied. Copies have also been made of the drawings of the same individual in a walking position, and swinging by one arm, which originally appeared in Vélins’ famous catalogue of the Museum of Paris. Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Dahlbom have given good illustrations of the head and body of an old male chimpanzee (69). Numerous, and for the most part correct, pictures of the chimpanzee have been given in several modern works and illustrated papers (70). Undoubtedly the best representations of the chimpanzee, corrected from photographs taken from life, are found in my osteological treatise on the gorilla which appeared in 1880, and also in the little book which preceded it (71). The form and mode of life of this species of ape are fairly well described by Bischoff (72), as well as in the books already mentioned, and especially in those by Temminck (73), Gervais, Reichenbach, and Brehm. Recently the opportunities of describing the bodies of chimpanzees have been frequent. Remarks on the anatomy of this animal may also be found in the works of Tyson (11), Vrolik (74), Champneys (75), Brühl (76), and Schroeder van der Kolk and Vrolik (77), as well as in the works we have already mentioned by Owen, Duvernoy, Bischoff, Issel, Giglioli, Lenz, etc. Du Chaillu (26), Duvernoy (78), Bischoff (50), Gratiolet and Alix (79), A. B. Meyer (80), and the