-----------------------+---------------+---------------+--------------- | Western | Miscellaneous | Old American | Eskimo | North American| whites | | Indian | (Labor Ser.) +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- | Males |Females| Males |Females| Males |Females -----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- Height of left ear | 7.05 | 6.61 | 7.25 | 6.95 | 6.69 | 6.10 Breadth of left ear | 3.82 | 3.49 | 3.90 | 3.70 | 3.79 | 3.47 Ear index |_54.2_ |_52.8_ |_53.2_ |_53.6_ |_56.7_ |_56.9_ Percentage relation of | | | | | | ear length to stature| _4.34_| _4.33_| _4.25_| _4.35_| _3.84_| _3.68_ =======================+=======+=======+=======+===+===+=======+======= | Western Eskimo groups | Whites in general -----------------------+---------------------------+------------------- Height of left ear | 6.71- 7.40 6.49-6.73 | 6.20- 6.69 Breadth of left ear | 3.72- 4.04 3.45-3.57 | 3.58- 3.79 Ear index | _53.3 -58.9_ _52.3 -53.1_ | _56 -58.6_ -----------------------+---------------------------+------------------- _The chest._--The best measurements of the chest, experience has shown, are the antero-posterior and lateral diameters at the nipple height in the males and at the corresponding level of the upper border of the fourth costal cartilages in the females. They give not merely the individual dimensions but also their relation, which is of much ontogenic as well as other interest, and their mean gives the chest module which in relation to the stature is anthropologically as well as individually (medically) important. The table following gives the chest measurements in the western Eskimo, in a large group of Indians (my older data), and in the old American whites as well as others. The Eskimo chest is large. In the males, in addition, it is very deep. Compared to that of the white old Americans it is markedly deeper in the males and broader in the females, notwithstanding the fact that the Americans are much taller. It is even larger, besides being relatively deeper in the males and somewhat broader in the females, than it is in many tribes of the Indian. Only tall and bulky Indians such as the Sioux show a chest that is absolutely somewhat larger, but in relation to stature, with which the dimensions of the chest stand in close correlation,[131] the Eskimo prevails even in this instance. This excess in chest development in the Eskimo must be ascribed in the main to his occupations and exertions, particularly again, it would seem, in connection with the canoe. CHEST MEASUREMENTS