----------------+----------------------------------- | Females +------+------+-------+------------- | | Alve-| Diam- | Cranial | Men- | olar | eter | facial | ton- |point-| bizy- | index |nasion|nasion|gomatic+------+------ | | |maximum| Total| Upper +------+------+-------+------+------ Groups | (8) | (10) | (10) | (8) | (10) Southwestern | | | | | and midwestern| 11.63| 7.29 | 13.27 |_87.7_|_54.9_ Groups | (2) | (7) | (7) | (2) | (7) Northwestern | 11.55| 7.19 | 13.18 |_88.2_|_54.6_ Groups | (3) | (5) | (5) | (3) | (5) North Arctic and| | | | | northeastern | 11.61| 7.13 | 13.15 |_85.7_|_54.2_ ----------------+------+------+-------+-----+------- These data show a number of interesting conditions. The height of the upper face (alveolar point-nasion) is greatest in the southwestern and midwestern groups, is slightly lower in the northwesterners, and still further slightly lower in the north Arctic and the northeast. On the other hand the facial breadth is slightly higher in the north and east, and that although the vault has become mostly decidedly narrower. These facts are shown best by the upper facial index, which in the males descends quite perceptibly in the west from the south to the north and in the Arctic from the west to the east. In the females there is a parallel gradual diminution in the upper facial height from the south to the north and then east, but the facial breadth diminishes very slightly also instead of increasing, as a result of which the upper facial index shows only minor differences; yet these differences are in the same direction as those in the males. These matters are involved with a number of factors--the stature, the breadth of the vault, and the development and direct influence of the temporal muscles, besides hereditary conditions. Their proper study will necessitate even more--in fact, much more--material than is now at our disposal. The following table gives the distribution of the upper cranial facial index in the various groups. Of the two indices that of the whole face, including the lower jaw, is the less valuable; first, because the jaw is often absent; second, because it is influenced by the height of the lower jaw, which does not correlate perfectly with the upper; and third, on account of the wear of the teeth, which in such people as the Eskimo is very common and diminishes more or less the total height of the face. Its averages in the three main groupings have already been given. Its figures are not very exceptional. ESKIMO SKULLS: FACIAL INDEX, UPPER MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER _Southwestern and Midwestern_