[31] Among recent contributions to our knowledge of this North African group may be mentioned G. B. M. Flamand, ‘Les Pierres Écrites (Hadjrat Mektoubat) du Nord d’Afrique et spécialement de la région d’In-Salah’ (_Congrès International d’Anthropologie et d’Archéologie préhistoriques_, Paris, 1900). [32] S. Berthelot, _Bull. de la Soc. Géogr. de Paris_, 1875. [33] They were first mentioned about 1650 by P. Gioffredo, _Storia delle Alpi Marittime_. [34] The _Maraviglie_ were first scientifically described by Mr. F. G. S. Moggridge (_Trans. of Congress of Preh. Arch._ 1868, pp. 309 seqq.). See, too, L. Clugnet, _Matériaux_, xii. 1877, pp. 379 seqq.; Issel, _Bull. di Pal. It._, 1901. [35] C. Bicknell, _The Prehistoric Rock Engravings of the Italian Maritime Alps_, Bordighera, 1902 and 1903. [36] I visited the spot in 1893 under the guidance of Padre Amerano of Finalmarina. [37] See my remarks in the _Athenaeum_, December 18, 1897. [38] C. Bicknell, op. cit., pp. 38, 39. [39] _Ilios_, Whorl No. 1983. [40] Professor Sayce, however, _Ilios_, p. 696, takes note of the possibility that such inscriptions as _go-go-ti-re_ ‘may be intended for ornament’. LECTURE II HOMER AND ANTHROPOLOGY In B. R.’s Elizabethan translation of the two first books of Herodotus a marginal note to a startling statement about Egyptian manners begs us to ‘Observe ye Beastly Devices of ye Heathen’. Though Anthropology, as its name indicates, takes all that is human for its province, it certainly pays most attention to ‘Ye Devices’--beastly or not--of the savage or barbarian, and to their survival in civilized societies, ancient and modern. Now, as far as these primaeval devices go, Homer has wonderfully little to tell us. Though he is by far the most ancient Greek author extant, it is in all the literature which follows after him that we find most survivals of the barbarian and the savage. Even in the few fragments of the so-called Cyclic poets (800-650 B.C.?), and in the sketches of the plots of the Cyclic poems which have reached us, there are survivals of barbaric customs--for example, of human sacrifice, and the belief in phantasms of the dead, even when the dead have been properly burned and buried--which do not appear in the _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_. The tragedians, the lyric poets, and the rest, all allude to vices which Homer never mentions--to amours of the gods in bestial forms (in all probability a survival of Totemism in myth), to a revolting rite of sanguinary purification from the guilt of homicide, and to many other distressing vestiges of savagery and barbarism in the society of ancient Greece. We do not find these things in the _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_.