[2] Andree, 1881, pp. 194 _et seq._, with tables appended; Jacobs, 1886 a, p. 24; and quite recently A. Leroy-Beaulieu, 1893, chapter i, are best on this. Tschubinsky, 1877, gives much detail at first hand on western Russia. In the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Anglo-Jewish Association, London, 1888, is a convenient census, together with a map of distribution for Europe. On America, no official data of any kind exist. The censuses have never attempted an enumeration of the Jews. Schimmer's results from the census of 1880 in Austria-Hungary are given in Statistische Monatsschrift, vii, p. 489 _et seq._ [3] This is clearly shown by Schimmer in Statistische Monatsschrift, vii, pp. 489 _et seq._ [4] See also map in Kettler, 1880. [5] J. C. Majer (1862) ascribes the shortness of stature in Furth to this Jewish influence. [6] 1892. [7] 1895, p. 577. [8] 1891. [9] Glück, 1896; and Weisbach, 1877 and 1895 a. [10] Majer and Kopernicki, 1877, p. 36, for Ruthenia; Stieda, 1883, p. 70; Anutchin, 1889, p. 114, etc. [11] Zakrezewski, 1891, p. 38. In the October Monthly our stature map of all Russia brings out the contrast very strongly. [12] Centralblatt für Anthropologie, iii, p. 66. Uke, cited by Andree, 1881, p. 32, agrees. [13] Popular Science Monthly, vol. li, p. 20 _et seq._ (May, 1897), and vol. lii, p. 602 (March, 1898). [14] Jacobs, 1889, p. 81. [15] Talko-Hryncewicz, 1892, pp. 7 and 58. [16] Collignon, 1887 a, pp. 211 and 326; and Bertholon, 1892, p. 41. [17] Jacobs, 1891, p. 50, shows it to be less common in other parts of Europe. In the United States, Dr. Billings finds the marriage rate to be only 7.4 per 1,000--about one third that of the Northeastern States. [18] 1877, p. 59. [19] 1883, p. 71. [20] 1889, p. 84. [21] 1896, p. 591. [22] 1895, p. 374. [23] On Jewish demography, consult the special appendix in Lombroso, 1874; Andree, 1881, p. 70; Jacobs, 1891, p. 49. Dr. Billings, in Eleventh United States Census, 1890, Bulletin No. 19, gives data for our country. On pathology, see Buschan, 1895. [24] The Jew as a Life Risk. The Spectator (an actuarial journal) 1895, pp. 222-224, and 233, 234. Lagneau, 1861, p. 411, speaks of a viability in Algeria even lower than that of the natives. THE PLAYGROUNDS OF RURAL AND SUBURBAN SCHOOLS. BY ISABELLA G. OAKLEY. While the officers and friends of education in large cities are exerting themselves to provide open-air playgrounds for the schools, the villages and smaller towns all over the East are reversing the case. Except in the small district schools, the children's playground has almost ceased to exist.