Established by Edward L. Youmans APPLETONS' POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY EDITED BY WILLIAM JAY YOUMANS VOL. LIV NOVEMBER, 1898, TO APRIL, 1899 NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1899 COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. VOL. LIV. ESTABLISHED BY EDWARD L. YOUMANS. No. 3. APPLETONS' POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. JANUARY, 1899. _EDITED BY WILLIAM JAY YOUMANS._ CONTENTS. PAGE I. The Evolution of Colonies. VI. Industrial Evolution. By JAMES COLLIER 289 II. The Mind's Eye. By Prof. JOSEPH JASTROW. (Illustrated.) 299 III. Nature Study in the Philadelphia Normal School. By L. L. W. WILSON, Ph. D. 313 IV. Principles of Taxation. XX. The Diffusion of Taxes. By the Late Hon. DAVID A. WELLS 319 V. Our Florida Alligator. By I. W. BLAKE. (Illustrated.) 330 VI. The Racial Geography of Europe. The Jews. II. By Prof. WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY. (Illustrated.) 338 VII. True Tales of Birds and Beasts. By DAVID STARR JORDAN 352 VIII. Glacial Geology in America. By Prof. DANIEL S. MARTIN 356 IX. Modern Studies of Earthquakes. By GEORG GERALAND 362 X. A Short History of Scientific Instruction. By Sir J. N. LOCKYER 372 XI. Should Children under Ten learn to Read and Write? By Prof. G. T. W. PATRICK 382 XII. Soils and Fertilizers. By CHARLES MINOR BLACKFORD, Jr., M. D. 392 XIII. Sketch of Friedrich August Kekulé. (With Portrait.) 401 XIV. Editor's Table: A Voice from the Pulpit.--Lessons of Anthropology.--An Example of Social Decadence.--The Advance of Science 409 XV. Scientific Literature 415 XVI. Fragments of Science 425 NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 72 FIFTH AVENUE. SINGLE NUMBER, 50 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $5.00. COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. Entered at the Post Office at New York, and admitted for transmission through the mails at second-class rates. [Illustration: AUGUST VON KEKULÉ.] APPLETONS' POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. JANUARY, 1899. THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIES. BY JAMES COLLIER. VI.--INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION.