E-text prepared by Larry B. Harrison and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 32251-h.htm or 32251-h.zip: (https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/32251/pg32251-images.html) or (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32251/32251-h.zip) Transcriber's note: Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original (=bold=). APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY Including the Effects of Alcohol and Narcotics by FRANK OVERTON, A.M., M.D. Late House Surgeon to the City Hospital, New York Primary Grade New York Cincinnati Chicago American Book Company Copyright, 1898, 1910, by Frank Overton OV. PHYSIOL. (PRIM.) E-P 42 PREFACE This primary text-book of applied physiology follows a natural order of treatment. In each subject elementary anatomical facts are presented in a manner which impresses function rather than form, and from the form described derives the function. The facts and principles are then applied to everyday life. Anatomy and pure physiology make clear and fix hygienic points, while applied physiology lends interest to the otherwise dry facts of physiology and anatomy. From the great range of the science there are included only those subjects which are directly concerned in the growth and development of children. The value of a primary book depends largely upon the language used. In bringing the truths within the comprehension of children, the author has made sparing use of the complex sentence. He has made the sentences short and simple in form, and logical in arrangement. A child grasps new ideas mainly as they appeal directly to the senses. For this reason, physiological demonstrations are indispensable. Subjects for demonstrations are not given, because they cannot be performed by the children; but the teacher should make free use of the series given in the author's advanced physiology. Cuts and diagrams are inserted where they are needed to explain the text. They are taken from the author's _Applied Physiology, Intermediate Grade_. Each was chosen, not for artistic effect, but because of its fitness to illustrate a point. Most of the cuts are adapted for reproduction on the blackboard. The effects of alcohol and other narcotics are treated with special fulness. The subject is given a fair and judicial discussion, and those conclusions are presented which are universally accepted by the medical profession. But while this most important form of intemperance is singled out, it should be remembered that the breaking of any of nature's laws is also a form of intemperance, and that the whole study of applied physiology is to encourage a more healthy and a more noble and self-denying mode of life. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. CELLS 7