be permitted during the summer or autumn seasons to remain long in the same locality, from the corruption of the water, and the stench of their filth, the atmosphere is rendered insalubrious, their respiration becomes vitiated, and most dangerous disease is engendered; and this cannot be remedied by any other means than by a change of encampment.”—(_De Re Militari_, III. 2.) [372] _Galeni Omnia Opera_, Ed. Kühn, vol. xiii. p. 604. Celsus speaks of the possibility of studying human internal anatomy by looking at the wounds of soldiers, etc. “Interdum enim gladiatorem in arena, vel _militem in acie_, vel viatorem a latronibus exceptum sic vulnerari, ut ejus interior aliqua pars aperiatur.”—_De Medicina_, lib. i. p. 8. [373] See _Odyssey_, lib. iv. v. 229, etc. [374] _Euterpe_, II. § 84; _Thalia_, III. §§ 1 and 132. [375] _Historia Naturalis_, lib. xxvi. c. 1. Pliny states that the Egyptians even prosecuted the study of morbid anatomy by dissection:—“In Ægypto, regibus corpora mortuorum ad scrutandos morbos insecantibus.”—(Lib. xix. c. 5.) Galen advised those who desired, in his day, to become acquainted with human osteology, to repair for that purpose to Alexandria, for this potent reason, that there were two actual human skeletons preserved in that city.—See Kühn’s edit. of Galen, vol. ii. p. 220. [376] _De Vitis, etc., Clarorum Philosophorum_, lib. iii. v. 8. [377] “In expeditione bellica absque mercede curantur; medici enim annonam ex publico accipiunt.”—_Bibliothecæ Historicæ_ (Amsterdam edition of 1746), vol. i. p. 92. Lib. i. § 82. [378] It has been suggested by some authorities, but without sufficient grounds, that in practice Machaon exercised only the art of surgery, while Podalirius followed the art of medicine. Hence, it is argued, Agamemnon, when Menelaus was wounded, did not send for Podalirius, but Machaon. Arctinus, one of the early cyclic poets, takes this view.—See Welcker’s _Cyclus Epicus_: “Ilii Excidium Arctini,” xiii. 2. [379] See Eustathius’ _Commentarii in Homeri Iliadem_, _loc. cit._; and Dr. Adams’ _Paulus Ægineta_, vol. ii. p. 426. Plato, in his _Republic_, discourses as to whether the potion of Pramnian wine, etc., given to Machaon (whom by mistake he names Eurypylus), was not too inflammatory in its character.—(Lib. iii. c. 14.) [380] The treatise in question, though usually printed amongst the Hippocratic works, is not admitted to be genuine by any of the translators or commentators upon Hippocrates, with the exception of Foes.—See Dr. Adams’ _Works of Hippocrates_, vol. i. p. 121.