ARCHÆOLOGY AND THE BIBLE [Illustration: A HILLSIDE STREET IN ROMAN JERUSALEM ALONG WHICH JESUS AND THE DISCIPLES MAY WELL HAVE WALKED (_after Germer-Durand_). --_Frontispiece._] Green Fund Book, No. 17 ARCHÆOLOGY AND THE BIBLE BY GEORGE A. BARTON, PH. D., LL. D. PROFESSOR OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE AND SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN BRYN MAWR COLLEGE; SOMETIME DIRECTOR OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH IN JERUSALEM PART I THE BIBLE LANDS, THEIR EXPLORATION, AND THE RESULTANT LIGHT ON THE BIBLE AND HISTORY PART II TRANSLATIONS OF ANCIENT DOCUMENTS WHICH CONFIRM OR ILLUMINATE THE BIBLE PHILADELPHIA AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION 1816 Chestnut Street Copyright, 1916, by AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION All rights vested in and reserved by AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION First Edition, May, 1916. Second Edition, June, 1917. To CAROLINE B. D. BARTON Faithful Comrade in the Campaign of Life PREFACE For a hundred years or more the explorer and the excavator have been busy in many parts of the world. They have brought to light monuments and texts that have in many cases revolutionized our conceptions of history and have in other cases thrown much new light on what was previously known. In no part of the world have these labors been more fruitful than in the lands of the Bible. In Egypt and Babylonia vistas of history have been opened to view that were undreamed of before exploration began. The same is true for that part of the history of Palestine which antedates the coming of Israel. Information has also been obtained which illumines later portions of the history, and makes the Biblical narrative seem much more vivid. It is now possible to make real to oneself the details of the life of the Biblical heroes, and to understand the problems of their world as formerly one could not do. Exploration has also brought to light many inscriptions in the various countries that confirm or illuminate the traditions, history, poetry, and prophecy of the Bible. The sands of Egypt have even yielded us some reputed new sayings of our Lord.