[Footnote 67: _Naacnaiya_ and _Wüwütcimti_ are the elaborate and abbreviated New-fire ceremonies now observed by four religious warrior societies, known as the _Tataukyamû_, _Wüwütcimtû_, _Aaltû_ and _Kwakwantû_. Both of these ceremonials, as now observed at Walpi, have elsewhere been described.] [Footnote 68: Obiit 1892. Shimo was chief of the Flute Society and "Governor" of Walpi.] [Footnote 69: Oldest woman of the Snake clan; mother of Kopeli, the Snake chief of Walpi; chief priestess of the Mamzráuti ceremony.] [Footnote 70: Vetancurt, Chronica, says that Aguatobi (Awatobi) had 800 inhabitants and was converted by Padre Francisco de Porras. In 1630 Benavides speaks of the Mokis as being rapidly converted. It would appear, if we rely on Vetancurt's figures, that Awatobi was not one of the largest villages of Tusayan in early times, for he ascribes 1,200 to Walpi and 14,000 to Oraibi. The estimate of the population of Awatobi was doubtless nearer the truth than that of the other pueblos, and I greatly doubt if Oraibi ever had 14,000 people. Probably 1,400 would be more nearly correct.] [Footnote 71: Architecture of Cibola and Tusayan, p. 225.] [Footnote 72: There are two fragments, one of which is large enough to show the size of the bell, which was made either in Mexico or in Spain. The smaller fragment was used for many years as a paint-grinder by a Walpi Indian priest.] [Footnote 73: See his Final Report, p. 372.] [Footnote 74: The only Awatobi name I know is that of a chief, Tapolo, which is not borne by any Hopi of my acquaintance (see page 603).] [Footnote 75: This explains the fact that the ruins in Tusayan, as a rule, have no signs of kivas, and the same appears to be true of the ruins of the pueblos on the Little Colorado and the Verde, in Tonto Basin, and other more southerly regions.] [Footnote 76: See Journal of American Ethnology and Archæology, vol. II.] [Footnote 77: "Las casas son de tres altos"--_Segunda Relacion_, p. 580.] [Footnote 78: So far as our limited knowledge of the older ruins of Tusayan goes, we find that their inhabitants must have been as far removed from rude Shohonean nomads as their descendants are today. The settlement at the early site of Walpi is reported to have been made in very early times, some legends stating that it occurred at a period when the people were limited to one family--the Snake. The fragments of pottery which I have found in the mounds of that ancient habitation are as fine and as characteristic of Tusayan as that of Sikyatki or Awatobi. It is inferior to none in the whole pueblo area, and betrays long sedentary life of its makers before it was manufactured.] [Footnote 79: Journal of American Folk-lore, vol. v, No. xviii, 1892.]