EIGHT MILE RUIN, HILL CANYON, UTAH. a, From south. b, From west. (Photographs by T. G. Lemmon.)] [Illustration: PL. 11 a, Storage room, Hemlock Canyon, New Mexico. b, Mushroom Rock without ruin on top, McElmo Canyon, Utah.] [Illustration: PL. 12 a, Ledge House in cleft of mushroom rock. (Photograph by Chubbock.) b, Tower in cedars near Sprucetree House, Mesa Verde National Park. (Photograph by T. G. Lemmon.)] [Illustration: PL. 13 RUIN ON ROCK PINNACLE, HILL CANYON.] [Illustration: PL. 14 RUINS IN SOUTHFORK, RUIN CANYON, UTAH. a, Twin Towers. b, Towers and buildings.] [Illustration] FOOTNOTES: [1] 17th Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnology, Part 2. [2] Called by the Navaho, Beshbito, Piped Water; from a metallic pipe at the spring. [3] 8th Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnology, 1886–’87 (1901). [4] An able discussion of the pueblo problems is found in the excellent compilation of Fritz Krause, Die Pueblo-Indianer, Eine historish-ethnographische Studie. Nova Acta Kaiserl. Leop. Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Naturforschern. Vol. 87, No. 1, 1907. [5] The specialized symbolism so elaborately shown on Sikyatki pottery is regarded as a local development and for that reason can not be expected elsewhere even in the ancestral homes of the clans whose later members lived at Hopi. [6] The Prehistoric Ruins of the San Juan Watershed in Utah, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. Amer. Anthropologist, N. S. Vol. 5, p. 280. [7] This ruin has been added to the National Monument known as the Chaco group. The name Kin-a-a seems to have been applied by the Navaho to at least two ruins. This particular Kin-a-a is possibly the ruin described by Chas. F. Lummis to which Bandelier refers. [8] A Prehistoric Mesa Verde Pueblo and its People, Smithsonian Report for 1916. [9] At certain times in Hopi ceremonies a thin layer of sand is sprinkled over the kiva roof, and on this sand are drawn in meal four rain-cloud figures, around which are performed certain secret rites. [10] A two or three storied kiva like that of the Crown Point ruin is mentioned by Jackson in his description of Chettro Kettle ruin of the Chaco group, and is one of those features possibly existing in the tower kivas which are now extinct. [11] Although the author has observed several towers with fallen rock about their bases, he has not been able to trace three concentric walls with connecting partitions. [12] The circular kivas of the two ruins near Crown Point are enclosed by four standing walls forming sides of a rectangle, a feature they share with some of these chambers in the Chaco and San Juan region. The intention of the builders was to secure the prescribed subterranean feature by construction of a rectangular building about the circular room rather than by depression below the level of the site. This type is now extinct, but belongs to the most advanced stage of pueblo architecture before its decline.