Architecture : $b nineteenth and twentieth centuries — John Shaqi
Architecture : $b nineteenth and twentieth centuriesHitchcock, Henry-Russell
History
Architecture : $b nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Hitchcock, Henry-Russell
Architecture, Modern -- 19th century; Architecture, Modern -- 20th century
The Scottish architect James Stuart had also gone to Rome, and formed
there as early as 1748 the project of visiting Athens; by 1751 he was on
his way, accompanied by Nicholas Revett (_c._ 1721-1804), with whom he
proposed to produce an archaeological work on the _Antiquities of
Athens_. The publication of the first volume of this epoch-making book
was delayed until 1762. In the meantime, in 1758, the year Stuart
designed his Hagley temple, J.-D. Leroy (1724-1803) got ahead of him by
publishing _Les Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce_; but the
very pictorial and inaccurate plates in this had little practical effect
on architecture.
The significance of Stuart’s temple may be readily guessed; small though
it is, this fabrick was the first example of the re-use of the Greek
Doric order[5]—so barbarous, or at least so primitive, in appearance to
mid-eighteenth-century eyes—and the first edifice to attempt an
archaeological reconstruction of a Greek temple. By the fifties many
architects and critics were ready to accept the primacy of Greek over
Roman art, if not little or no knowledge of Greek architecture several
French writers before Laugier had praised it. J. J. Winckelmann also
recommended Greek rather than Roman models in his _Gedanken über die
Nachahmung der Griechischen Werke_ (Dresden, 1755) published just before
he settled in Rome.[6]
Out of Italian chauvinism Piranesi attacked the theory of Grecian
primacy in the arts; yet before his death he had prepared an impressive
and influential set of etchings of the Greek temples at Paestum which
his son Francesco published. In 1760, moreover, Piranesi decorated the
Caffè Inglese in Rome in an Egyptian mode. Eventually Greek precedent in
detail all but superseded Roman for over a generation; yet a real Greek
Revival, at best but one aspect of Romantic Classicism, did not mature
until after 1800. There was never a widespread Egyptian Revival,[7] but
Egyptian inspiration did play a real part in crystallizing the formal
ideals of Romantic Classicism; it also provided certain characteristic
architectural forms, such as the pyramid and the obelisk, and occasional
decorative details.
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