The last, perhaps the noblest ornament, is sculpture. The Gothic architects were alive to its value, and in all their best works statues abounded; often conventional to the last degree; sometimes to our eyes uncouth, but always the best which those who carved them could do at the time; always sure to contribute to architectural effect; never without a picturesque power, sometimes rising to grace and even grandeur, and sometimes sinking to grotesque ugliness. Whatever the quality of the sculpture was, it was always there, and added life to the whole. Monsters gaped and grinned from the water-spouts, little figures or strange animals twisted in and out of the foliage at angles and bosses and corbels. Stately effigies occupied dignified niches, in places of honour; and in the mouldings and tympanum of the head of a doorway there was often carved a whole host of figures representing heaven, earth, and hell, with a rude force and a native eloquence that have not lost their power to the present day. In the positions where modest ornamentation was required, as for example the capitals of shafts, the hollows of groups of mouldings, and the bosses of vaulting, carving of the most finished execution and masterly design constantly occurs. Speaking roughly, this was chiefly conventional in the E. E. period, chiefly natural in the Dec. and mixed, but with perhaps a preference for the conventional in the Perp. Examples abound, but both for beauty and accessibility we can refer to no better example than the carving which enriches the entrance to the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey (Fig. 30). [Illustration: _Miserere Seat from Wells Cathedral._] FOOTNOTES: [17] For illustrations consult the Glossary under _Jamb_. [18] For illustrations consult the Glossary under _Arch_. [19] Address to the Conference of Architects. Reported in the _Builder_ of 24th June, 1876. Outlines illustrating some of these varieties of vault will be found in the Glossary under _Vault_. [20] See Glossary. [21] For illustrations consult the Glossary. [22] For further illustrations see the Glossary. [Illustration: {STAINED GLASS FROM CHARTRES CATHEDRAL.}] CHAPTER VI. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN WESTERN EUROPE. FRANCE.--CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH.