Montevideo, led by the newly appointed Viceroy, Javier de Elío, made ready a fleet to attack Buenos Aires; Gutiérrez de la Concha, Governor of Córdoba, appointed Liniers to lead its forces against the Junta; and in Alto Perú, General Goyeneche, appointed president of Cuzco by the Viceroy of Peru, took charge of the resistance to the Revolution. The gravity of the reaction that set in, the increasing number of forces that were being arrayed against the new government, demanded firm and instant action. Happily for the independence of Argentina, there was in the Junta a leader of force and vision. He was Mariano Moreno, the secretary of the Junta; he was the soul of the revolutionary movement in its early stages; he was the pilot that steered it safely through the perilous shoals of the dawn of independence. It is in recognition of these great services that Argentina acclaims him to-day as one of her greatest champions, ranking with San Martín, Belgrano, and Rivadavia. To meet these dangers, two expeditions were sent out: one against Córdoba and Alto Perú, under the orders of Ortiz de Ocampo; and another against Paraguay, under the orders of General Belgrano. Liniers and Concha were taken prisoners, and by order of the Junta were put to death. Thus died Santiago de Liniers, defender of Buenos Aires during the English invasions. Many historians and writers have denounced this act of the Junta as ruthless and unnecessarily severe; practically as many others have defended it in view of the inexorable need for sternness demanded by the conditions of the times. We mention it as the first instance of internecine struggle, and as typical of the unrelenting character of the Revolution that came later. The expedition continued its northward march, under the orders of Balcarce, and defeating the Royalists at Suipacha, soon had control of the north as far as the Desaguadero, the boundary between the Viceroyalties of Peru and of the Plata. Here we shall leave it for a while in order to follow the campaign against Paraguay. Heartened by the successes of Balcarce, the Junta decided to hasten the expedition against Paraguay under the orders of Belgrano. But, whereas the expeditionary force of Alto Perú had met until then with remarkable success, Belgrano, after having his communications impeded by the control of the Paraná, which the Royalists held, and taking part in two unsuccessful engagements, was glad to sign an agreement whereby he was allowed to withdraw unmolested from Paraguay with all his forces. Though this expedition failed of its purpose to bring Paraguay under the control of the Junta, it helped in no small degree to create a separatist movement in Paraguay which led in a few years to the defeat of the Spaniards and the establishment of an independent government.