that they performed, recur again and again through the pages of her men of letters, whatever be the form of literature they engage in, narrative, dramatic, or poetic. It is for this reason that for the proper understanding of the Argentine temperament, as evidenced by her literature as well as by her popular ideals, the knowledge of her political history, beginning with the time of the English invasions in 1806 (when the latent nationalism of the then Viceroyalty of the Plata first manifested itself in action), is a requisite of prime importance. Until the year 1776, Argentina had been but a negligible part of the Spanish possessions in South America, being a dependency of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Despite, however, the short-sighted commercial policy of Spain, which forbade the colonies from trading with any European country, save the mother country, and then by restricted routes and through specific Spanish ports, Buenos Aires, towards the end of the eighteenth century, had far outstripped all other colonial cities with the exception of Lima. By royal decree, therefore, on the 8th of August, 1776, the Viceroyalty of the Plata River was established with Buenos Aires as its capital. It included what is to-day Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and the province of Rio Grande, belonging now to Brazil. The first Viceroy was Don Pedro de Ceballos, a soldier of ability and an administrator of unusual talent. As a result of the war he waged against the Portuguese, who had taken possession of northern Uruguay and the harbor of La Colonia, this port was won back to the Viceroyalty of the Plata. It may be said that the driving out of the Portuguese from La Colonia marks the first of a series of events that finally led to the independence of Argentina; for, if Buenos Aires had been able to grow commercially, it had been due, in no small measure, to the clandestine trade that was carried on through the port of La Colonia. Its capture forced the Viceroy to assume a very grave responsibility; namely, to change on his own authority the trade regulations then in force. His permission to allow certain foreign merchandise to come into Buenos Aires, an act which was later approved by the Crown, was the first recognition of the needs of the new Viceroyalty, as well as of the pressure that the colonists could bring to bear upon the mother country.