in the background 208 Erzerum: Chifteh Minareh To face page 211 Looking East-South-East from near the Kop Pass 230 Castle of Kalajik, Upper Kharshut 236 Monastery of Sumelas 239 Tekman and the Bingöl Dagh from near Khedonun 247 Khamur from the Pass between Ali Mur and Khinis 252 Melazkert from the North: Sipan in the background 269 Akhlat: Iki Kube--(the Kala, or Ottoman City, in the background) 285 Akhlat: Isolated Tomb 290 Akhlat: The Kharab-Shehr, or Site of the Ancient City 292 The Nimrud Crater from the Promontory of Kizvag 298 Sipan: View from the Western Summit over the Summit Region 334 Hamidiyeh Cavalry at Gumgum 357 Armenian Village of Gundemir: Bingöl Cliffs in the background 359 The Bingöl Cliffs with the Head Waters of the Bingöl Su from the Village of Chaghelik 360 The so-called Crater of Bingöl from about the centre of the Moraine from Kara Kala 369 View from the Western Summit of Bingöl 373 Panorama from the Hill of Gugoghlan 373 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT