An interesting series of specimens illustrating the various stages of manufacture of articles from the columella is presented in Plate XXIX. In Fig. 1 a section of a _Busycon perversum_ is given. The position of the columella and its relations to the exterior parts may be clearly seen. The reverse whorl of the spire will be noticed, and the consequent sinistral character of the groove. Fig. 2 illustrates the extracted columella in its untrimmed state. A similar specimen is shown in Fig. 3, Plate XXXI. It was obtained from the site of an old Indian lodge on the island of Martha's Vineyard. This, with a number of smaller specimens, may be seen in the National Museum. They show no signs of use, and were probably destined for manufacture into pins or beads. Columellæ in this state are very frequently found in the mounds and graves of the interior States; a majority probably belong to the _Busycons_, but a considerable number are derived from the _Strombidæ_. A few specimens of large size may be seen in the national collection. Fig. 3 represents a roughly dressed pin, of a type peculiar to the Pacific coast. Fig. 4 illustrates a completed pin of the form most common in the middle Mississippi province. Fig. 5 shows a rather rare form of pin, pointed at both ends. Bone pins of this form are quite common. Fig. 6 represents a nearly symmetrical cylinder. Fig. 7 illustrates the manner of dividing the cylinders into sections for beads. [Illustration: PL. XXIX--MANUFACTURE OF IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. 1. Section of _Busycon perversum_. 2. Roughly trimmed columella. 3. Headless pin, western form. 4. Tennessee form. 5. Pin pointed at both ends. 6. (Omitted.) 7. Manner of cutting into beads. 8. Derivation of a celt from _Busycon_. 9. Derivation of ornaments from _Haliotis_. 10. Derivation of ornaments from _Busycon_. 11. Bead with cylindrical, countersunk perforation. 12. Bead with conical perforation. 13. Bead with bi-conical perforation. 14. Bead imperfectly perforated.]