MILITARY MEDICAL MANUALS GENERAL EDITOR: SIR ALFRED KEOGH, G.C.B., M.D., F.R.C.P. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS ARTIFICIAL LIMBS BY A. BROCA _Professor of Topographical Anatomy to the Faculty of Paris_ _AND_ DUCROQUET _Orthopædic Surgeon to the Rothschild Hospital_ TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY R. C. ELMSLIE, M.S., F.R.C.S. _Major R.A.M.C.(T.F.) Orthopædic Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Surgeon to Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton_ _WITH 208 ILLUSTRATIONS_ UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS, LTD. 18 WARWICK SQUARE, LONDON, E.C. 4. PARIS: MASSON ET CIE 120 BOULEVARD SAINT-GERMAIN 1918 GENERAL INTRODUCTION The infinite variety of injuries which any war presents to the surgeon gives to military surgery a special interest and importance. The special interest and importance, in a surgical sense, of the great European War lies not so much in the fact that examples of every form of gross lesion of organs and limbs have been seen, for if we read the older writers we find little in the moderns that is new in this respect, but is to be found in the enormous mass of clinical material which has been presented to us and in the production of evidence sufficient to eliminate sources of error in determining important conclusions. For the first time also in any campaign the labours of the surgeon and the physician have had the aid of the bacteriologist, the pathologist, the physiologist and indeed of every form of scientific assistance in the solution of their respective problems. The clinician entered upon the great war armed with all the resources which the advances of fifty years had made available. If the surgical problems of modern war can be said not to differ sensibly from the campaigns of the past, the form in which they have been presented is certainly as different as are the methods of their solution. The achievements in the field of discovery of the chemist, the physicist and the biologist have given the military surgeon an advantage in diagnosis and treatment which was denied to his predecessors, and we are able to measure the effects of these advantages when we come to appraise the results which have been attained.