[Illustration: Figure 23--SIXTEENTH CENTURY SPANISH ARTILLERY. Taken from a 1592 manuscript, these drawings illustrate the three main classes of artillery used by Spain during the early colonial period in the New World, a--Culverin (Class 1). b--Cannon (Class 2). c--Pedrero (Class 3). d--Mortar (Class 3).] The first class of guns were the long-range pieces, comparatively "rich" in metal. In the following table from Collado, the calibers and ranges for most Spanish guns of this class are given, although as the second column shows, at this period calibers were standardized only in a general way. For translation where possible, and to list those which became the most popular calibers, we have added a final column. Most of the guns were probably of culverin length: 30- to 32-caliber. _Sixteenth century Spanish cannon of the first class_ Name of Weight of Length Range in yards Popular gun ball of gun Point- Maximum caliber (pounds) (in calibers) blank Esmeril 1/2 208 750 1/2-pounder esmeril. Falconete 1 to 2 1-pounder falconet. Falcon 3 to 4 417 2,500 3-pounder falcon. Pasavolante 1 to 15 40 to 44 500 4,166 6-pounder pasavolante. Media sacre 5 to 7 417 3,750 6-pounder demisaker. Sacre 7 to 10 9-pounder saker. Moyana 8 to 10 shorter than 9-pounder saker moyenne. Media culebrina 10 to 18 833 5,000 12-pounder demiculverin. Tercio de culebrina 14 to 22 18-pounder third-culverin. Culebrina 20, 24, 25, 30 to 32 1,742 6,666 24-pounder culverin. 30, 40, 50 Culebrina real 24 to 40 30 to 32 32-pounder culverin royal. Doble culebrina 40 and up 30 to 32 48-pounder culverin.