[59] MM. Goubeaux and Barrier replace this by the following: 'From the insertion of the neck into the chest to the lower border of the lower jaw, X, Q, when the head is parallel to the shoulder.' 4. From the nape to the nostrils, _n, n´_.[60] [60] MM. Goubeaux and Barrier add: 'Or to the commissure of the lips.' It is thus, besides, that Bourgelat measured the head for comparison with the crupper (see p. 266, paragraph 4). The measure of =half of the head= also acts as a good guide for the construction of the horse, when we know that it frequently applies to many of the parts--to wit: 1. From the forehead above the eyes, perpendicular to the line which is tangent to the lower jaw, P, Q. 2. Outline of the neck at the level of the base of the head, Q, L.[61] [61] Proportion indicated by Bourgelat (see p. 267, paragraph 9). 3. From the crown of the fore-foot to below the knee, T, T´. 4. In the legs, from the base of the fetlock to that of the ham, U, V. 5. Finally, it is nearly of the length of the humerus from the point E to the radius.[62] [62] MM. Goubeaux and Barrier replace these by the following: 1. 'From the most prominent part of the lower jaw to the profile of the forehead above the eye, P, Q (thickness of the head). 2. 'From the throat to the superior border of the neck behind the nape, Q, L (attachment of the head). 3. 'From the inferior part of the knee to the crown, T, T´. 4. 'From the base of the ham to the fetlock, U, V. 5. 'Finally, from the point of the arm to the articulation of the elbow (approximate length of the arm).' PROPORTIONS OF THE HEAD OF THE HORSE[63] [63] Extract from the work of MM. Goubeaux and Barrier on the exterior of the horse. As before, the initials G. and B. of these authors are added. Although it is very difficult, says M. Duhousset, when we speak of measurements taken on the living animal, to formulate other than approximations, we believe we have determined with sufficient accuracy the following results, which are the outcome of our numerous observations. The head which we present is that of a horse which we have frequently come across as a mean term between the highly bred and the draught horse. Under this heading, it will not be devoid of interest to accompany with dimensions the two drawings to which are consigned the measurements in question. =Head viewed in Profile= (Fig. 108).--Length, A, B, from the nape to the margin of the lips, 0·60 metre. Thickness, C, D, from the angle of the lower jaw to the anterior surface (a half-head), 0·30 metre. This line passes through the middle of the eye, taken perpendicularly, to the profile of the anterior surface. Many common horses present it, especially the heavier draught horses; in finely-bred subjects it is a little shorter (G. and B.).