Ci gist la divine Arthénice, Qui fut l'illustre protectrice Des Arts que les neuf Sœurs inspirent aux humains. Rome luy donna la naissance; Elle vint rétablir en France La gloire des anciens Romains. Sa maison, des vertus le temple, Sert aux particuliers d'un merveilleux exemple, Et pourrait bien instruire encor les souverains. This is not very good poetry, but it would be difficult to sum up more neatly the services of Madame de Rambouillet to France and to civilization. MALHERBE AND THE CLASSICAL REACTION[3] In contemplating the chart of literary history we are confronted by phenomena which more or less closely resemble those marked on the geographical map. The surface is not uniform, but diversified by ups and downs, of the feature that we call taste or fashion. A special interest attaches to what may be described as the watersheds of literature, the periods which display these changes of direction in thought and language. I propose to bring before you briefly some characteristics of one of the most saliently marked of all these points of alteration, that which led irresistibly and imminently to the classical school, as it is called, in France, and from France ultimately to the whole of Europe. Before doing so, I must draw your attention to the fact that while most of us are led to give special heed to movements which tend, like the Romantic renaissance of poetry in England two centuries later, to the emancipation and even the revolution of literature, that of which I am about to speak was deliberately introduced in the interests of law and order, and was in all its features conservative, and, if you choose to call it so, retrogressive. It did not aim at enlarging the field of expression, but at enclosing it within rules, excluding from it eccentricities and licentious freaks, and rendering it subservient to a rigorous discipline. In this University of Oxford, where the practice of poetry is now conducted with so much ardour and with such audacity of experiment, you may or may not, as you please, see any parallel between the condition of France in 1595 and our own condition to-day. My purpose is, with your leave, to describe the former without criticizing the latter.