3.--The _equivalents_ of the figure-consonants have the _same value_ as those consonants themselves, as "gh" in "{T}ou{gh}" = 18, "gh" in E{n}ou{gh} = 28; "gh" in {R}ou{gh} = 48. "{Ph}{r}a{s}e" = 840, "{N}y{mph}" = 238, "{L}o{ck}" = 57. "N" sometimes sounds like ng, and so represents 7, as in "Bank" (977) which _sounds_ like "bang" (not "ban") with a "k" after it; ng are not always taken together as one sound and translated into 7, but when they sound separately are treated separately, as in engage = 276[D]. X = gs or ks = 70, as in example = 70395; in oxygen = 7062. Sometimes X = Z, as in Xerxes = 04700, and then it = 0. Ci and ti, and sometimes si and sci = sh, as gracious = 7460; Nation = 262; Conscience = 72620. Dge = j, as in Ju{dge} = 66. Tch = ch = 6, as in ditch = 16 (it rhymes with rich = 46). Ch sometimes = k, as in {Ch}ristmas = 74030. S and z sometimes = zh, which is the cognate equivalent of sh = 6, as in pleasure = 9564, and in Crozier = 7464. Acquiesce = 70, excrescence = 7074020. [D] Pupils who have a poor ear for sounds sometimes fail to note when "n" sounds like "ng" and so means 7 instead of 2. Let them study the words "ringer" (474), "linger" (5774), and "ginger" (6264). The first syllable of "linger" rhymes with the first of "ringer" and not with the first of "ginger;" it rhymes with "ring" and not with "gin;" and if the first syllable of "ringer" is 47, the first of "linger" must be 57; but the second syllable of "linger" is "ger," while the second syllable of "ringer" is only "er." So "linger" is pronounced as if spelled "ling-ger," the "n" sounds like "ng." "Ringer" is pronounced "ring-er," and "ginger" as if spelled "gin-ger." 1. When will facility be attained? 2. Are these rules to be carefully studied? 3. Repeat the first rule. 4. What value is given to silent consonants? 5. What have the same value as the consonants themselves? 6. What does the consonant "N" sometimes sound like? 7. What value is assigned to it in such cases? 8. What is the consonant X equal to? 4.--No notice is taken of any _vowel_ or of w (war = 4) or y (yoke = 7), or of h (the = 1) except as part of ch or sh. Words like Weigh, Whey, &c., having no figure values, are never counted. If one word ends with, and the next word begins with, the _same_ consonant, they are both reckoned, as That Toad = 1111. HOW TO DEAL WITH DECIMAL FRACTIONS. The pupil may skip the next paragraph if not wishing to deal with decimals.