Astronomical Curiosities: Facts and FallaciesGore, J. Ellard (John Ellard)
Science
Astronomical Curiosities: Facts and Fallacies
Gore, J. Ellard (John Ellard)
Astronomy -- Miscellanea; Solar system -- Miscellanea
In ancient Egypt Orion was called _Sahu_. This name occurs on the
monuments of the Ptolemies, and also on those of the Pharaohs. It is also
mentioned in the _Book of the Dead_. It seems to have been considered of
great importance in ancient Egypt, as its heliacal rising announced that
of Sirius, which heralded the annual rising of the Nile.
The constellation Eridanus lies south of Taurus, east of Cetus, and west
of Lepus. In ancient times it was supposed to represent the Nile or the
Po. Ptolemy merely calls it Ποταμου αστερισμος, or asterism of the river.
It was called Eridanus by the Greeks, and Fluvius by the Romans. It
appears to correspond with the Hebrew Shicor. Al-Sufi calls it _al-nahr_,
"the River."
One of the most interesting points in Al-Sufi's most interesting work is
the identity of the bright star known to the ancient astronomers as
_achir al-nahr_, "the End of the River," and called by Ptolemy Εσχατος του
ποταμου, "the Last in the River." Some astronomers have identified this
star with α Eridani (Achernar), a bright southern star of the 1st
magnitude, south of Eridanus. But Al-Sufi's description shows clearly that
the star he refers to is really θ Eridani; and the reader will find it
interesting to follow his description with a star map before him.
Describing Ptolemy's 34th star of Eridanus (the star in question), he
says, "the 34th star is found before [that is west of] these three stars
[the 31st, 32nd, and 33rd, which are υ{2}, Du, and υ' in Proctor's Atlas],
the distance between it and that of the three which is nearest being about
4 cubits [9° 20']. It is of the first magnitude; it is that which is
marked on the southern astrolabe, and called _achir al-nahr_, 'the End of
the River.' There are before this bright one two stars, one to the south,
[σ Eridani, not shown in Proctor's small Atlas], the other to the north [ι
Eridani]; Ptolemy does not mention these. One of these stars is of the 4th
magnitude, the other of the 5th. There is behind the same [that is, east
of it] a star of the 4th magnitude distant from it two cubits [ε Eridani].
To the south of the three stars which follow the bright one there are some
stars of the 4th and 5th magnitudes, which he [Ptolemy] has not
mentioned."
Now, a glance at a star map of this region will show clearly that the
bright star referred to by Al-Sufi is undoubtedly θ Eridani, which is
therefore the star known to the ancients as the "End of the River," or the
"Last in the River."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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