Aerolites or Stony Meteorites occur more abundantly than iron or
stony-iron types, and they are classified into many divisions and
subdivisions according to their composition. In these stones appear
certain compounds that are commonly met with in terrestrial igneous
rocks. The mineral that is most abundant in the stony meteorites,
composing sometimes nearly seventy-five per cent. of the stone,
is a magnesium and iron silicate known as olivine, which is also
usually present in terrestrial rocks of an igneous nature. Certain
compounds found in the stony meteorites are rarely if ever found in
terrestrial rocks, however, and these serve to distinguish the stony
meteorites readily from stones of terrestrial origin. The alloys of
iron and nickel, for instance, that occur in minor quantities in the
stony meteorites and make up usually about ninety-five per cent.
of the mass of the iron meteorites, are never found in terrestrial
rocks. Although about thirty of the terrestrial elements are to be
found in meteorites, the forms and compounds in which they appear
are so characteristic and on the whole so different from those
occurring in terrestrial rocks, that the analyst has no difficulty
in distinguishing between the two. There are, for instance certain
formations known as chondrules, peculiar spherical and oval shapes,
varying in size from minute particles to objects the size of walnuts,
appearing in many varieties of stony meteorites that are never found
in terrestrial rocks, and that are one of the most puzzling features
associated with the origin and nature of these stones. Sometimes
the chondrules are so loosely embedded in the stone that they fall
away when it is broken. In some instances almost the entire stone is
made up of these chondrules. According to one theory the chondrules
were originally molten drops, like fiery rain, and their internal
structure, which is greatly varied, depends upon their conditions of
cooling.
Stony meteorites, in which these chondrules are to be found,
are spoken of as chondrites. There are white and gray and black
chondrites and crystalline and carbonaceous chondrites, according to
the nature of the chondrules found in the stones.
Stony meteorites also contain minute quantities of iron and nickel
alloys in the form of drops or stringers.
Upon entering the earth's atmosphere stony meteorites become coated
with a thin black crust which is a glass formed by the fusion of its
surface materials by the heat generated during its passage through
the atmosphere.
In many of the stony meteorites there also appear fine thread-like
veins which are due to the fracturing of the stone prior to its
entrance into the atmosphere. The material filling these veins is
coal black in color, opaque and of an unknown composition.
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