Astronomy in a nutshell : $b The chief facts and principles explained in popular language for the general reader and for schools — John Shaqi
Astronomy in a nutshell : $b The chief facts and principles explained in popular language for the general reader and for schoolsServiss, Garrett Putman
Science
Astronomy in a nutshell : $b The chief facts and principles explained in popular language for the general reader and for schools
Serviss, Garrett Putman
Astronomy -- Juvenile literature
Next, suppose that you are somewhere on the earth's equator. Since the
equator is everywhere 90°, or one quarter of a circle, from each pole,
it is evident that looking at the sky from the equator you would see the
two poles (if there was anything to mark their places) lying on the
horizon one exactly in the north and the other exactly in the south. The
celestial equator would correspond with the prime vertical, passing east
and west directly over your head, and all the stars would rise and set
perpendicularly to the horizon, each describing a semicircle in the sky
in the course of twelve hours. During the other twelve hours, the same
stars would be below the horizon. Stars situated near either of the
poles would describe little semi-circles near the north or the south
point; those farther away would describe larger semi-circles; those
close to the celestial equator would describe semi-circles passing
overhead. But all, no matter where situated, would describe their
visible courses in the same period of time. This equatorial presentation
of the celestial sphere is called the right sphere, because the stars
rise and set at a right angle to the plane of the horizon. Comparing it
with the system of circles on which right ascension and declination are
based, we see that, as the prime vertical corresponds with the celestial
equator, so the horizon must represent an hour circle. The meridian also
represents an hour circle. It may require a little thought to make this
clear, but it will be a good exercise.
Finally, if you are somewhere between the equator and one of the poles,
which is the actual situation of the vast majority of mankind, you see
either the north or the south pole of the heavens elevated to an
altitude corresponding with your latitude, and the stars apparently
revolving round it in circles inclined to the horizon at an angle
depending upon the latitude. The nearer you are to the equator, the
steeper this angle will be. This ordinary presentation of the celestial
sphere is called the oblique sphere. Its horizon does not correspond
with either the equator or the prime vertical, and its zenith and nadir
lie at points situated between the celestial poles and the celestial
equator.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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