C, as in the other figures, is the place of the observer and Z is the zenith, but to avoid complication of details the circle of the horizon is not drawn, only the north-and-south line, N C S, being shown. Eq Eq′ is the equator. Ec Ec′ is the ecliptic. P and P′ are the celestial poles. p and p′ are the poles of the ecliptic. Na is the nadir. V is the vernal equinox, and A the autumnal equinox. The circle through s, parallel to the ecliptic, is a latitude circle. The circle p s p' is the ecliptic meridian of the star s. The circle P V P′ A is the equinoctial colure. The circle p V p′ A is the prime ecliptic meridian. The arc of the ecliptic meridian contained between the ecliptic and s measures the star's latitude. The arc of the ecliptic contained between V and the point where the ecliptic meridian p s p′ meets the ecliptic (or the angle V p s) measures the star's longitude east from V, the vernal equinox. ] =10. The Zodiac and the Precession of the Equinoxes.= The next thing with which we must make acquaintance is the zodiac. We have learned that the ecliptic is a great circle of the celestial sphere inclined at an angle of 23½° to the equator, and crossing the latter at two opposite points called the equinoxes, and that the sun in its annual journey round the sky follows the circle of the ecliptic. Consequently, the place which the sun occupies at any time must be somewhere on the course of the ecliptic. The fact has been mentioned that as seen from the sun the earth would appear to travel round the ecliptic, whence the ecliptic may be regarded as the projection of the earth's orbit, or path, against the background of the heavens. But, besides the earth there are seven other large planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which, like it, revolve round the sun, some nearer and some farther away. Now, the orbits of all of these planets lie in planes nearly coincident with that of the earth's orbit. None of them is inclined more than 7° from the ecliptic and most of them are inclined only one or two degrees. Consequently, as we watch these planets moving slowly round in their orbits we find that they are always quite close to the circle of the ecliptic. This fact shows that the solar system, _i. e._, the sun and its attendant planets, occupies a disk-shaped area in space, the outlines of which would be like those of a very thin round cheese, with the sun in the centre. The ecliptic indicates the median plane of this imaginary disk. The moon, too, travels nearly in this common plane, its orbit round the earth being inclined only a little more than 5° to the ecliptic.