We cannot too often recall the fact that the axis of the earth is coincident in direction with that of the celestial sphere, so that the earth's poles are situated directly under the celestial poles. But the poles of the ecliptic are 23½° aside from the celestial poles. If the direction of the earth's axis and with it that of the celestial sphere, did not change at all, then the celestial poles and the poles of the ecliptic would always retain the same relative positions in the sky; but, in fact, an exterior force, acting upon the earth, causes a gradual change in the direction of its axis, and in consequence of this change the celestial poles, whose position depends upon that of the earth's poles, have a slow motion of revolution about the poles of the ecliptic, in a circle of 23½° radius. The force which produces this effect is the attraction of the sun and the moon upon the protuberant part of the earth round its equator. If the earth were a perfect sphere, this force could not act, or would not exist, but since the earth is an oblate spheroid, slightly flattened at the poles, and bulged round the equator, the attraction acts upon the equatorial protuberance in such a way as to strive to pull the earth's axis into an upright position with respect to the plane of the ecliptic. But, in consequence of its spinning motion, the earth resists this pull, and tries, so to speak, to keep the inclination of its axis unchanged. The result is that the axis swings slowly round while maintaining nearly the same inclination to the plane of the ecliptic. Here, again, we may employ the illustration of a top. If the peg of the top is tipped a little aside, so that the attraction of gravitation would cause the top to fall flat on the table if it were not spinning, it will, as long as it continues to spin, swing round and round in a circle instead of falling. We cannot enter into a mathematical explanation of this phenomenon here, but the reader will find a clear popular account of the whole matter in Prof. John Perry's little book on _Spinning Tops_. It is sufficient here to say that the attraction of gravitation, tending to make the top fall, but really causing the peg to turn round and round, resembles, in its effect, the attraction of the sun and the moon upon the equatorial protuberance of the earth, which makes the earth's axis turn round in space. [Illustration: =The Milky Way about Chi Cygni= Photographed at the Lick Observatory by E. E. Barnard, with the six-inch Willard lens. Observe the cloud-like forms. ]