=8. Day and Night.= The period of twenty-four hours required for one turn of the earth on its axis is called a day, and in astronomical reckoning it is treated as an undivided whole, the hours being counted uninterruptedly from 0 to 24; but nature has divided the period into two very distinct portions, one characterised by the presence and the other by the absence of the sun. Popularly we speak of the sunlighted portion as day and of the other as night, and there are no two associated phenomena in nature more completely in contrast one to the other. The cause of the contrast between day and night must have been evident to the earliest human beings who were capable of any thought at all. They saw that day inevitably began whenever the sun rose above the horizon, and as inevitably ceased whenever it sank beneath it. In all literatures, imaginative writers have pictured the despair of primeval man when he first saw the sun disappear and night come on, and his joy when he first beheld the sun rise, bringing day back with it. Even his uninstructed mind could not have been in doubt about the causal connection of the sun with daylight. We now know that the cause of the alternate rising and setting of the sun, and of its apparent motion through the sky, is the rotation of the earth. Making in our minds a picture of the earth as a turning globe exposed to the sunbeams, we are able to see that one half of it must necessarily be illuminated, while the other half is in darkness. We also see that its rotation causes these two halves gradually to interchange places so that daylight progresses completely round the earth once in the course of twenty-four hours. If the earth were not surrounded by an atmosphere, exactly one half of it would lie in the sunlight and exactly one half in darkness, but the atmosphere causes the illuminated part slightly to exceed the unilluminated part. The reason for this is twofold: first, because the atmosphere, being transparent and extending to a considerable height above the solid globe, receives rays from the sun after the latter has sunk below the horizon, and these rays cause a faint illumination in the sky after the sun as viewed from the surface of the ground has disappeared; and, second, because the air has the property of refracting the rays of light, in consequence of which the sun appears above the horizon both a little time before it has actually risen and a little time after it has actually set. The faint illumination at the beginning and the end of the day is called twilight. Its cause is the reflection of light from the air at a considerable elevation above the ground. Observation shows that evening twilight lasts until the sun has sunk about 18° below the western horizon, while morning twilight begins when the sun is still 18° below the nearest horizon. The length of time occupied by twilight, or its duration, depends upon the observer's place on the earth and increases with distance from the equator.