of a superficial acquaintance with some of the chief types, to form for myself, as best I might, some idea of the course of the evolution; but I have not been able to go systematically through the immense material, however fruitful such a research appeared to be. In the meantime, between the publication of my Danish essay and this translation, there has appeared a work by Mr. Gruppe, _Geschichte der klassischen Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte_ (Leipzig, 1921). My task in writing my last chapters would have been much easier if I could have made use of Mr. Gruppe’s learned and comprehensive treatment of the subject; but it would not have been superfluous, for Mr. Gruppe deals principally with the history of classical mythology, not with the history of the belief in the gods of antiquity. So I have ventured to let my sketch stand as it is, only reducing some of the notes (which I had on purpose made rather full, to aid others who might pursue the subject) by referring to Mr. Gruppe instead of to the sources themselves. For kindly helping me to find my bearings in out-of-the-way parts of my subject, I am indebted to my colleagues F. Buhl, I.L. Heiberg, I.C. Jacobsen and Kr. Nyrop, as well as to Prof. Martin P. Nilsson in Lund. P. 1. Definition of Atheism: see the article in the _Catholic Encycl._ vol. ii. P. 5. Atheism: see Murray, _New Engl. Dict._, under Atheism and -ism. The word seems to have come up in the Renaissance. P. 6. Criminal Law at Athens: see Lipsius, _Das attische Recht und Rechtsverfahren_, i. p. 358.—The definition in Aristotle, _de virt. et vit._ 7, p. 1251_a_, has, I think, no legal foundation. P. 9. On the legal foundation for the trials of Christians, see Mommsen, _Der Religionsfreuel nach römischem Recht_ (_Ges. Schr._ iii. p. 389).—Mommsen goes too far, I think, in supposing a legal foundation for the trials of Christians; above all, I do not believe that the defection from the Roman religion was ever considered as maiestas in the technical sense of the word, the more so as it is certain that, after the earliest period, no difference was made in the treatment of citizens and aliens. P. 13. Lists of atheists: Cicero, _de nat. deor._ 1. 1, 2 (comp. 1. 23, 26). Sext. Emp. _hypotyp._ 3. 213; _adv. math._ 9. 50. Aelian, _v.h._ 2. 31; _de nat. an._ 6. 40.—The predicate _atheos_ is once applied to Anaxagoras by a Christian author (Irenaeus: see Diels, _Vorsokr._ 46, A 113; compare also Marcellinus, _vit. Thuc._, see below, note on p. 29). Of such isolated cases I have taken no account. P. 16. On the dualism in the Greek conception of the nature of gods see Nägelsbach, _Hom. Theol._ p. 11.—Pindar: _Ol._ 1. 28, 9. 35; _Pyth._ 3. 27. P. 17. Xenophanes: Einhorn, _Zeit- und Streitfragen der modernen Xenophanesforschung_ (_Arch. f. Gesch. d. Philos._ xxxi.).