While some chemicals such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen go into almost every kind of substance in living things, potassium plays a special role in animals: it lodges almost exclusively, not in bone or fat or water, but in lean meat. Biological and medical researchers are now cooperating to build “whole-body” radiation counters. A human being or an animal is actually enclosed by these huge devices, some of which are so sensitive they measure nearly every ray that emerges from the body. These counters will help answer many questions, but here only their use to measure radiopotassium in meat animals is explained. The animal is fed a test ration containing no added radioactivity. At intervals of a week or more, the animal is weighed and is also tested for natural radioactivity. Weighing tells total gain, while radiopotassium counting shows how much gain is in the desired lean meat. This method is remarkably simple, and since no radioactivity is added to its diet, the animal can still be marketed. Does Thyroid Affect Milk—Egg Production? Recognition of the significance of the thyroid gland in animals, the association of iodine with the thyroid, and the availability of an excellent radioisotope of iodine have resulted in increased study of this important gland. Chemical tests had hinted at a link between the thyroid gland and the production of milk and eggs. Using radioactive iodine, scientists learned that thyroid activity increases with the onset of milk and egg formation. In hot weather, when yield of milk and eggs decreases, activity of the thyroid gland diminishes. It may be that a dairy breeder can soon select calves for potential milk production because of thyroid activity as measured by radioactive iodine. At present he must let the animals grow and produce milk for several years before he chooses those to use in herd improvement. (See Fig. 4.) More Tracers in Animal Nutrition Research Female hormones in microgram amounts[1] accelerate fattening of cattle and sheep. Before this method can be used on animals for human consumption, however, it must be determined that no possible human injury can result from any residue. With chemical tests the measurement of such tiny amounts was impossible. Even with radioactive carbon-14, doses of hormone 1000 times normal dosage were required before the hormones in the flesh were measurable. Fig. 4—Future high-producing milk cows may be selected as calves, because of the measured activity of their thyroid glands. A minute amount of iodine-131 is fed and within minutes has concentrated in the thyroid. High concentration means high thyroid activity, which in older animals means high milk production. [Illustration: Iodine-131 fed ... concentrates in thyroid.]