=47.= When the earth shows a tendency to cave, which it frequently will in great galleries, the cap-sill must be put in position and supported while the miner excavates the grooves for the ground-sill and stanchions. To support the cap-sill, two crutches are used. A _crutch_ (Pl. XII, Fig. 28) consists of an upright piece of timber carrying a cross-piece whose length is equal to the width of two cases. The upright piece rests upon the ground-sill of the case already placed, and is raised to the proper height by wedges. The part of the cross-piece which projects in advance is made 2 inches higher than the rear part, to support the cap-sill somewhat above its final level, so as to allow the tenons of the stanchions to be easily inserted. The rear part of the cross-piece is attached to the upright by an iron rod or short chain. So soon as the case is set and adjusted to position the crutches are taken down by removing the wedges, and are replaced under the next cap-sill. =48.= In very firm soil shafts and galleries are frequently driven with cases not in juxtaposition, but separated by greater or less intervals. Pieces of planks (which may be parts of cases) placed vertically and resting against the sides and ends of the cases in shafts, or horizontally and resting upon the cap-sills in galleries, and somewhat separated from each other, are used to support the earth between the cases. The same remarks apply to this construction as to the similar one sometimes used when mining with frames and sheeting. =49. Change of Direction in Galleries Lined with Cases.=--Slight changes in direction in a horizontal plane can be easily and gradually made by setting each case a little obliquely to the one preceding it, and separating the stanchions on one side while they touch on the other, supporting the roof in the wedge-shaped openings, if necessary, with pieces of wood, etc. For an abrupt change, it is better to break out a rectangular return from the side of the gallery and pass from this into the required direction by gradual change. If the return is to be of the same height as the gallery of departure, the cap-sills of the latter, for a distance equal to the width of the return, are lifted off the tenons of the stanchions by struts and wedges, and the first case of the return is set as in breaking out from a shaft; the ground-sill is, however, narrowed by the thickness of the stanchions of the gallery of departure so that the face of the case of the return is flush with the inside of the gallery of departure, and the ends of the cap-sills of the latter rest upon the cap-sill of the first case of the return. =50. Change of Slope.=--In passing from a horizontal to a _descending gallery_ the change may be made gradually, in a manner similar to that described for a change in horizontal direction, and the cases remain normal to the axis of the gallery. (Pl. XII, Fig. 31.)