Auld lang syne. Second series : $b My Indian friendsMüller, F. Max (Friedrich Max)
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Auld lang syne. Second series : $b My Indian friends
Müller, F. Max (Friedrich Max)
India; Müller, F. Max (Friedrich Max), 1823-1900 -- Friends and associates
I shall, however, add one more matutinal hymn addressed to Agni, not
simply as the fire, but as the god of light which brightens the world
every morning, and is in fact very difficult to distinguish from the
sun. This Agni is sometimes called the first of all the gods. The word
itself is the general name of fire in Sanskrit. It is phonetically the
same as the Latin _ignis_, though the change of a into i is phonetically
irregular. No one, however, is likely to be so bold an agnostic as to
deny that the Âryas, before they separated, had made the discovery of
fire, and given a name to it, such as Agni or _ignis_. What is most
interesting in the development of this word is that while in India it
entered into a very rich, religious, and mythological career, it
remained a simple appellative in Italy, and was almost entirely lost and
forgotten among the other Aryan nations. Should we be justified then in
saying that the Latin _ignis_ cannot possibly be the same word as Agni,
because the latter is one of the greatest gods in the Veda, while
_ignis_ is no god at all? In the Veda Agni is a most prominent deity,
though his character has often been misunderstood. Agni was, no doubt,
the fire on the hearth and on the altar, and as such had his own
development in India[44]. But Agni was also light in general, and more
especially the light of the sun, whether in the morning, or at noon, or
in the evening. Thus we read, Rig-Veda III, 28, 1:—
Agni, accept our offering, the cake, at the _morning libation_!
Agni, eat the cake offered to thee when the _day is over_!
Agni, accept here the cake at the _midday libation_!
Here Agni is clearly the sun, or the sunlight, or some power dwelling in
the sun, all of which are very natural ideas with people in a nomadic or
even agricultural state of society, nor do the three daily libations
seem to me to point to any elaborate ceremonial. They are hardly more
than the beginnings of the Sandhyâvandana and they could easily be
matched among Semitic, nay, even among savage races.
In many hymns the solar character of Agni is merged in his domestic
character, as the fire on the domestic hearth, as the centre of each
family. Thus we read, Rig-Veda X, 1:—
Hymn to Agni, Fire.
1.
High[45], at the head of Dawn, he stood, the mighty,
With light he came, emerging from the darkness,
Fair-bodied Agni with his radiant splendour
Has filled, when born, all human habitations.
2.
Thou, being born, art child of Earth and Heaven,
Agni, the fair one, spread among the flowers[46];
The brilliant child by night and through the darkness,
Shouts for the cows[47] from far, above his mothers.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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