C--Corax australis, Chapm. L. Cretaceous. Queensland D--Belouostomus sweeti, Eth. fil. and Woodw. L. Cretaceous. Q. ] =Carboniferous Fishes.--= The Lower Carboniferous sandstone of Burnt Creek and other localities near Mansfield, Victoria, contains an abundant fish fauna, associated with stems of _Lepidodendron_. The slabs of sandstone are often ripple-marked and show signs of tracks and castings of shore-living animals. These deposits were probably laid down in shallow water at the shore margin or in salt lagoons or brackish areas skirting the coast, into which at intervals the remains of the giant lycopods were drifted. The more important of these fish remains are Elasmobranchs, as _Gyracanthides murrayi_ (Fig. 123) and _Acanthodes australis_; the Dipnoan, _Ctenodus breviceps_; a Rhizodont or fringe-finned ganoid, _Strepsodus decipiens_ (Fig. 124 A); and a genus related to _Palaeoniscus_, _Elonichthys_ (_E. sweeti_, Fig. 124 B, and _E. gibbus_). The defence spines of _Gyracanthides_ are fairly abundant in the sandstones; whilst on some slabs the large enamelled scales of _Strepsodus_ are equally conspicuous. From the sandstones of the same age, Lower Carboniferous, in the Grampians of Western Victoria, some small but well-preserved spines belonging to the genus _Physonemus_ have been found associated with a new variety of the well-known European Carboniferous brachiopod, _Lingula squamiformis_ (var. _borungensis_). =Carbopermian Fishes.--= In the Carbopermian (Gympie Beds) of the Rockhampton District, Queensland, a tooth of a Cochliodont ("snail tooth") occurs, which has been doubtfully referred to the genus _Deltodus_ (? _D. australis_). The Cochliodontidae show dentition remarkably like that of the _Cestracion_ or Port Jackson Shark. Another tooth having the same family relationship has been referred to _Tomodus ? convexus_, Agassiz; this is from the Carbopermian of the Port Stephen district of New South Wales. From the Newcastle Coal Measures in New South Wales a _Palaeoniscus_-like fish, _Urosthenes australis_ has been described. Carbopermian fish remains are rare in Western Australia. They comprise a wrinkled tooth of _Edestus_ (_E. davisii_) from the Gascoyne River, belonging to a fish closely related to the Port Jackson shark; and a cochliodont, _Poecilodus_ (_P. jonesi_, Ag.) from the Kimberley district. =Triassic Fishes.--=