Pleistocene remains of the diprotodont forms of this syndactylous group are _Phascolomys_ (the Wombat), perhaps ranging as low as Upper Pliocene (_P. pliocenus_) (Fig. 141); _Phascolonus (P. gigas)_ (Fig. 142 A)[4], a large Wombat from Queensland and New South Wales and South Australia; the Giant Kangaroos, as _Macropus titan_ (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia), _Procoptodon goliah_ (Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria), _Sthenurus atlas_ (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia), _Palorchestes azael_ (Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland); also the great _Diprotodon_, the largest known marsupial, as large as, and rather taller than, a rhinoceros, found in almost every part of Australia, with an allied form referred to _Nototherium_ occurring also in Tasmania (Figs. 143, 144, 145). _Nototherium_ (Queensland, South Australia and Victoria), was a smaller animal than _Diprotodon_, with a shorter and broader skull and similar dentition. Remains of the extinct "Marsupial Lion," _Thylacoleo carnifex_, an animal allied to the phalangers, have been found in Cave-deposits in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia. Incised bones of other animals, which are believed to have been gnawed by _Thylacoleo_, have been found associated with its remains. _Thylacoleo_ possessed a peculiar dentition, the first pair of incisors in the upper jaw being very large and trenchant, whilst the canine and two anterior premolars are small and functionless: the lower jaw has also a pair of large first incisors, behind which are two small premolars, and an enormous chisel-edged last premolar biting against a similar tooth in the upper jaw (Fig. 146). [Footnote 4: This genus was described by Owen in 1872 as a sub-genus of _Phascolomys_ founded on some cheek-teeth; and subsequently, in 1884, the same author described some incisors under the name of _Sceparnodon ramsayi_, which are now known to belong to the same animal that bore the cheek-teeth.] [Illustration: =Fig. 142--Mandible of Phascolomys pliocenus, McCoy.= (?) Upper Pliocene ("Gold Cement.") Dunolly, Vict. About 1/2 nat. size. (_After McCoy_). ] [Illustration: =Fig. 143--CAINOZOIC TEETH and OTOLITH.= A--Phascolonus gigas, Owen. (Molar). Pleistocene. Queensland B--Parasqualodon wilkinsoni, McCoy. (Molar). Cainozoic (Janj.) Vict. C--Parasqualodon wilkinsoni, McCoy. (Incisor). Cainozoic (Janj.) Vict. D--Metasqualodon harwoodi, Sanger sp. (Molar). Cainozoic (Janj.) South Australia E--Kekenodon onamata, Hector. (Molar). Cainozoic (Oamaruian). New Zealand F--Cetotolithes nelsoni, McCoy. (Tympanic bone). Cainozoic (Janj.) Victoria ] [Illustration: =Fig. 144--Diprotodon australis, Owen.= Pleistocene. South Australia. (_After Stirling and Zeitz_). ]