[Illustration: =Fig. 145--Upper Surface of the Right Hind Foot of Diprotodon australis=. A--With the Astragalus (ankle-bone) in position. B-- " " " " removed. Cir. 1/8 nat. size.] [Illustration: =Fig. 146--Diprotodon australis, Owen. (Restored).= From a sketch by C. H. Angas.] [Illustration: =Fig. 147--Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen.= Right lateral aspect of skull and mandible. Pleistocene. Australia. 1/5th nat. size. c, canine. i, incisors. m, molars. pm, premolars. ] [Illustration: =Fig. 148--Wynyardia bassiana, Spencer.= Upper Cainozoic (Turritella bed). Table Cape. Tasmania. 2/7th nat. size. (_Casts in Nat. Mus. Coll._) ] =Oldest Known Marsupial.= The oldest marsupial found in Australia is probably _Wynyardia bassiana_ (Fig. 147), whose remains occurred in the _Turritella_-bed at Table Cape, which is either of Miocene or Lower Pliocene age. This stratum occurs above the well-known _Crassatellites_-bed (Miocene) of that locality. So far as can be gathered from its incomplete dentition, _Wynyardia_ represents an annectant form between the Diprotodonts and the Polyprotodonts. =Pleistocene Genera, also Living.--= Besides the genera above enumerated, many other marsupials of well-known living species are represented by fossil remains in Cave-deposits and on "sand-blows" in most of the Australian States. The genera thus represented in the Pleistocene deposits of Australia are _Bettongia_ (Prehensile Rat-Kangaroo); _Dasyurus_ (Native Cat); _Hypsiprymnus_ (Rat-Kangaroo); _Macropus_ (Kangaroo); _Perameles_ (Bandicoot); _Petaurus_ (Flying Phalanger); _Phalanger_ (Cuscus); _Phascolomys_ (Wombat); _Sarcophilus_ (Tasmanian Devil); _Thylacinus_ (Tasmanian Wolf). =Cetacea.--= The order Cetacea includes Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. The earliest known forms belong to the sub-order Archaeoceti, and whilst absent from Australian deposits, are found in the Eocene of Europe, Northern Africa and North America. =Odontoceti: Toothed Whales.--=