Education: a curious procedure, 44; naming, _ibid._; schooling, 47 ff.; bodily exercises, 48; cuneiform writing, 47; writing materials, 50, 51; books, 52; kinds of literature, 52; school buildings, 54; class education, 55; dead languages taught, 56; philology, 57; history, 58; other studies, 59 Egibi, the banker, 127, 152 Egyptian influence on religion, 233 El-lil, the god of Nippur, 3 Eridu, a seaport of primitive Chaldea, 2; a great centre, 3, 4; its god, 3; its origin, 4; its temple, 236 Exorcisms, form of, 260 Family life among Semites, 13; equality of sexes, 14 Farmers, tenure, 84, 85 Fasts and feasts prescribed, 246 Footstool, 96 Furniture, scanty but artistic, 96 Gardens, largely used, 94, 127 Gem-cutting, art of, 103 Gods and goddesses, relation of king to, 169 ff. Grain, varying prices of, 142, 145; as exchange, 144; store-house, 206 Gudea, priest-king of Lagas, 90; works of, 93, 94; a vase of, 97; dress, 102; deification of, 169 Guilds for traders, 141 Hades, belief about, 242 Herodotus, quoted on Babylonian fertility, 11; on prostitution, 30 History, the favourite study, 58 Hit, bitumen procured from, 90 “House of Cereals,” the, 206 House-property, value of, 114; lease of, 115; payment for, 116; a lawsuit, 118-120 Hymns, Sumerian origin, 244; Amen, 245; hymns and prayers to Bel, 260 Ideograph, or picture-writing, 236 Inheritance, laws of, 31; private ownership, 32; testaments, _ibid._; the will of Sennacherib, 35; the theory of adoption, 36; disputes, 42 Iron, general use of, 136 Irrigation, necessity of, 88 Istar, the goddess, significant changes, 13, 14; the priestesses of, 16, 17; land of temple of, 126; independence of, 239; as Ashtoreth, 240; story of, _ibid._; prophetesses of, 252; the Istar of witchcraft, 259 Ivory, large trade in, 136 Jews, position of, in Babylonia, 68; colonists, 190 Judges, appointment of, 197; trials before, 199 Juries, existence of, 198 Kassites, their dynasty, 7; effect of conquest in Babylonia, 171 Khalutê, battle of, 53 Khunnatu, 72 Khammurabi, letters of, 210 ff. Ki-makh, or cemetery, 62 King. _See under_ “State” Labourers, classes of, 82; farmers, 84; wages, 85, 86, 148-150; songs of, 87 Land, value of, 120 ff.; rent of, 121; in Assyria, 123 ff. Law, the study of, 59; early origin, 195; judges, 197; case of foreigners, 198; trials, 199; careful procedure, 201; punishments, 205; bail, 206; prisons, _ibid._ Layard, his discovery of a lens, 51 Letter-writing no modern invention, 208; material used, 209; cuneiform writing and its advantages, 210; early examples, 211 ff.; Assyrian, 216 ff.; private letters, 225; sealing, 228; noticeable features, 229, 230 Literature, place of, 52; poetry, 165 Maneh. _See_ “money-lending” Marriage ceremonies among Babylonians, 29; among Israelites, 30; permitted degrees, 31