First aid in illness and injury; Medicine, Popular
A narrow tongue, with deep median fissure on each side of which
is a thick rough fur, the tip and edges being red and denuded, is
characteristic of typhoid states whether arising from typhoid or
not. The same condition will be found in profound intoxication from
septic poisons. If the tongue becomes dry and brown, tremulous when
protruded, and the patient returns it slowly when requested to do so,
he has typhoid beyond question. A brown fur on the root of the tongue,
especially in the morning, indicates a sluggish condition of the liver.
In jaundice the tongue is yellow.
It is estimated that the normal man in a state of rest will breathe
sixteen times per minute. Any radical departure from the rate will
indicate disease. An increase of two respirations per minute is
supposed to indicate a rise of one degree F. in the body temperature,
though this rule is subject to variations. Inspection of the bare chest
tells the trained physician much regarding the condition of his patient
and even the layman can glean much knowledge from that source.
If the patient is breathing from twenty-five to thirty-five times per
minute, the respiration being confined to one lung as indicated by the
lack of expansion in the other, and if he lies so as to take the strain
off the lung that does not expand, it is almost sure that the patient
has pneumonia. In case the lung is fixed rigidly by the muscles and the
opposite lung forced to do all the work, then the patient has pleurisy.
In profound typhoid states the breathing is very much slowed and
irregular, at last presenting what is known as the Cheyne-Stokes
respiration, in which the patient will breathe several short shallow
respirations, pause for a time, heave a deep sigh and then repeat the
rapid breathing. This type of breathing is looked upon as a very grave
symptom in all conditions characterized by lack of physical strength.
It will be readily appreciated that only enough discussion of symptoms
has been given above to aid somewhat in arriving at a diagnosis. To go
deeply into physical indications of diseases would be manifestly out
of place in an article of this character. We will now proceed to the
consideration of the diseases that will be most frequently encountered
in the camp. Of these the intestinal troubles stand pre-eminent. Change
of water, food, methods of life, and personal habits account for the
fact that nearly every person who seeks the outdoors at some time
during his stay is afflicted with some one of the diarrheas. Without
attempting to go deeply into the various classifications of the enteric
complaints, a brief résumé of the guiding symptoms common to all will
be given.
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