§ 7. _The Midwinter Fires_, pp. 246-269.--Christmas the continuation of an old heathen festival of the sun, 246; the Yule log the Midwinter counterpart of the Midsummer bonfire, 247; the Yule log in Germany, 247-249; in Switzerland, 249; in Belgium, 249; in France, 249-255; French superstitions as to the Yule log, 250; the Yule log at Marseilles and in Perigord, 250 _sq._; in Berry, 251 _sq._; in Normandy and Brittany, 252 _sq._; in the Ardennes, 253 _sq._; in the Vosges, 254; in Franche-Comté, 254 _sq._; the Yule log and Yule candle in England, 255-258; the Yule log in the north of England and Yorkshire, 256 _sq._; in Lincolnshire, Warwickshire, Shropshire, and Herefordshire, 257 _sq._; in Wales, 258; in Servia, 258-262; among the Servians of Slavonia, 262 _sq._; among the Servians of Dalmatia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro, 263 _sq._; in Albania, 264; belief that the Yule log protects against fire and lightning, 264 _sq._; public fire-festivals at Midwinter, 265-269; Christmas bonfire at Schweina in Thuringia, 265 _sq._; Christmas bonfires in Normandy, 266; bonfires on St. Thomas's Day in the Isle of Man, 266; the "Burning of the Clavie" at Burghead on the last day of December, 266-268; Christmas procession with burning tar-barrels at Lerwick, 268 _sq._ § 8. _The Need-fire_, pp. 269-300.--Need-fire kindled not at fixed periods but on occasions of distress and calamity, 269; the need-fire in the Middle Ages and down to the end of the sixteenth century, 270 _sq._; mode of kindling the need-fire by the friction of wood, 271 _sq_.; the need-fire in Central Germany, particularly about Hildesheim, 272 _sq._; the need-fire in the Mark, 273; in Mecklenburg, 274 _sq._; in Hanover, 275 _sq._; in the Harz Mountains, 276 _sq._; in Brunswick, 277 _sq._; in Silesia and Bohemia, 278 _sq._; in Switzerland, 279 _sq._; in Sweden and Norway, 280; among the Slavonic peoples, 281-286; in Russia and Poland, 281 _sq._; in Slavonia, 282; in Servia, 282-284; in Bulgaria, 284-286; in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 286; in England, 286-289; in Yorkshire, 286-288; in Northumberland, 288 _sq._; in Scotland, 289-297; Martin's account of it in the Highlands, 289; the need-fire in Mull, 289 _sq._; in Caithness, 290-292; W. Grant Stewart's account of the need-fire, 292 _sq._; Alexander Carmichael's account, 293-295; the need-fire in Aberdeenshire, 296; in Perthshire, 296 _sq._; in Ireland, 297; the use of need-fire a relic of the time when all fires were similarly kindled by the friction of wood, 297 _sq._; the belief that need-fire cannot kindle if any other fire remains alight in the neighbourhood, 298 _sq._; the need-fire among the Iroquois of North America, 299 _sq._