[326] Cirbied, "Mémoire sur la gouvernment et sur la religion des anciens Arméniens," _Mémoires publiées par la Société Royale des Antiquaires de France_, ii. (1820) pp. 285-287; Manuk Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), pp. 72-74. The ceremony is said to be merely a continuation of an old heathen festival which was held at the beginning of spring in honour of the fire-god Mihr. A bonfire was made in a public place, and lamps kindled at it were kept burning throughout the year in each of the fire-god's temples. [327] _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 32, ii. 243; _Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, ii. 65, 74, 75, 78, 136. [328] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Royal Commentaries of the Yncas_ translated by (Sir) Clements R. Markham (Hakluyt Society, London, 1869-1871), vol. ii. pp. 155-163. Compare Juan de Velasco, "Histoire du Royaume de Quito," in H. Ternaux-Compans's _Voyages, Relations et Mémoires originaux pour servir à l'Histoire de la Découverte de l'Amérique_, xviii. (Paris, 1840) p. 140. [329] B. de Sahagun, _Histoire Générale des Choses de la Nouvelle Espagne_, traduite par D. Jourdanet et R. Simeon (Paris, 1880), bk. ii. chapters 18 and 37, pp. 76, 161; Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des Nations civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-Centrale_ (Paris, 1857-1859), iii. 136. [330] Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, "The Zuñi Indians," _Twenty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_ (Washington, 1904), pp. 108-141, 148-162, especially pp. 108, 109, 114 _sq._, 120 _sq._, 130 _sq._, 132, 148 _sq._, 157 _sq._ I have already described these ceremonies in _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. 237 _sq._ Among the Hopi (Moqui) Indians of Walpi, another pueblo village of this region, new fire is ceremonially kindled by friction in November. See Jesse Walter Fewkes, "The Tusayan New Fire Ceremony," _Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History_, xxvi. 422-458; _id._, "The Group of Tusayan Ceremonials called _Katcinas," Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1897), p. 263; _id._, "Hopi _Katcinas," Twenty-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_ (Washington, 1903), p. 24. [331] Henry R. Schoolcraft, _Notes on the Iroquois_ (Albany, 1847), p. 137. Schoolcraft did not know the date of the ceremony, but he conjectured that it fell at the end of the Iroquois year, which was a lunar year of twelve or thirteen months. He says: "That the close of the lunar series should have been the period of putting out the fire, and the beginning of the next, the time of relumination, from new fire, is so consonant to analogy in the tropical tribes, as to be probable" (_op. cit._ p. 138). [332] C.F. Hall, _Life with the Esquimaux_ (London, 1864), ii. 323. [333] Franz Boas, "The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay," _Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural, History_, xv. Part i. (New York, 1901) p. 151. [334] G. Nachtigal, _Saharâ und Sûdân_, iii. (Leipsic, 1889) p. 251.