[335] Major C. Percival, "Tropical Africa, on the Border Line of Mohamedan Civilization," _The Geographical Journal_, xlii. (1913) pp. 253 _sq._ [336] Adrien Germain, "Note sur Zanzibar et la côte orientale de l'Afrique," _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), v. Série xvi. (1868) p. 557; _Les Missions Catholiques_, iii. (1870) p. 270; Charles New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_ (London, 1873), p. 65; Jerome Becker, _La Vie en Afrique_ (Paris and Brussels, 1887), ii. 36; O. Baumann, _Usambara und seine Nachbargebiele_ (Berlin, 1891), pp. 55 _sq._; C. Velten, _Sitten und Gebräucheaer Suaheli_ (Göttingen,1903), pp. 342-344. [337] Duarte Barbosa, _Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar_ (Hakluyt Society, London, 1866), p. 8; _id._, in _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, collected by G. McCall Theal, vol. i. (1898) p. 96; Damião de Goes, "Chronicle of the Most Fortunate King Dom Emanuel," in _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, collected by G. McCall Theal, vol. iii. (1899) pp. 130 _sq._ The name Benametapa (more correctly _monomotapa_) appears to have been the regular title of the paramount chief, which the Portuguese took to be the name of the country. The people over whom he ruled seem to have been the Bantu tribe of the Makalanga in the neighbourhood of Sofala. See G. McCall Theal, _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, vii. (1901) pp. 481-484. It is to their custom of annually extinguishing and relighting the fire that Montaigne refers in his essay (i. 22, vol. i. p. 140 of Charpentier's edition), though he mentions no names. [338] Sir H.H. Johnson, _British Central Africa_ (London, 1897), pp. 426, 439. [339] W.H.R. Rivers, _The Todas_ (London, 1906), pp. 290-292. [340] Lieut. R. Stewart, "Notes on Northern Cachar," _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_ xxiv. (1855) p. 612. [341] A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. (Leipsic, 1866) pp. 49 _sq._; Shway Yoe, _The Burman_ (London, 1882), ii. 325 _sq._ [342] G. Schlegel, _Uranographie Chinoise_ (The Hague and Leyden, 1875), pp. 139-143; C. Puini, "Il fuoco nella tradizione degli antichi Cinesi," _Giornale della Società Asiatica Italiana_, i. (1887) pp. 20-23; J.J.M. de Groot, _Les Fétes annuellement célébrées à Émoui (Amoy)_ (Paris, 1886), i. 208 _sqq._ The notion that fire can be worn out with age meets us also in Brahman ritual. See the _Satapatha Brahmana_, translated by Julius Eggeling, Part i. (Oxford, 1882) p. 230 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xii.). [343] W.G. Aston, _Shinto, The Way of the Gods_ (London, 1905), pp. 258 _sq._, compare p. 193. The wands in question are sticks whittled near the top into a mass of adherent shavings; they go by the name of _kedzurikake_ ("part-shaved"), and resemble the sacred _inao_ of the Aino. See W.G. Aston, _op. cit._ p. 191; and as to the _inao_, see _Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, ii. 185, with note 2. [344] Ovid, _Fasti_, iii. 82; Homer, _Iliad_, i. 590, _sqq._