[45] Marcellus, _op. cit._ xxviii. 28 and 71, xxix. 35. [46] Marcellus, _op. cit._ xxix. 51. [47] Edward Westermarck, "Midsummer Customs in Morocco," _Folklore_, xvi. (1905) pp. 32 _sq._; _id., Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, certain Dates of the Solar Year, and the Weather in Morocco_ (Helsingfors, 1913), pp. 75 _sq._ [48] E. Westermarck, "Midsummer Customs in Morocco," _Folk-lore_, xvi. (1905) p. 35 _id., Ceremonies and Beliefs connected with Agriculture, certain Dates of the Solar Year, and the Weather in Morocco_ (Helsingfors, 1913), pp. 88 _sq._ [49] Matthäus Prätorius, _Deliciae Prussicae_, herausgegeben von Dr. W. Pierson (Berlin, 1871), p. 54. [50] H.H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_ (London, 1875-1876), ii. 142; Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des Nations civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique Centrale_ (Paris, 1857-1859), iii. 29. [51] Kaempfer, "History of Japan," in J. Pinkerton's _Voyages and Travels_, vii. 717; Caron, "Account of Japan," _ibid._ vii. 613; B. Varenius, _Descriptio regni Japoniae et Siam_ (Cambridge, 1673), p. 11: _"Radiis solis caput nunquam illustrabatur: in apertum acrem non procedebat."_ [52] A. de Herrera, _General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America,_ trans, by Capt. John Stevens (London, 1725-1726), v. 88. [53] H. Ternaux-Compans, _Essai sur l'ancien Cundinamarca_ (Paris, N.D.), p. 56; Theodor Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_ iv. (Leipsic, 1864) p. 359. [54] Alonzo de Zurita, "Rapport sur les differentes classes de chefs de la Nouvelle-Espagne," p. 30, in H. Ternaux-Compans's _Voyages, Relations et Mémoires originaux, pour servir à l'Histoire de la Découvertede l'Amérique_ (Paris, 1840); Th. Waitz, _l.c._; A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer des alten Amerika_ (Berlin, 1878), ii. 204. [55] Cieza de Leon, _Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru_ (Hakluyt Society, London, 1883), p. 18. [56] _The Grihya Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, Part ii. (Oxford, 1892) pp. 165, 275 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxx.). Umbrellas appear to have been sometimes used in ritual for the purpose of preventing the sunlight from falling on sacred persons or things. See W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_ (Amsterdam, 1900), p. 110 note 12. At an Athenian festival called Scira the priestess of Athena, the priest of Poseidon, and the priest of the Sun walked from the Acropolis under the shade of a huge white umbrella which was borne over their heads by the Eteobutads. See Harpocration and Suidas, _s.v._ [Greek: Skiron]; Scholiast on Aristophanes, _Eccles._ 18. [57] Mrs. Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), ii. 248. [58] J.L. van Hasselt, "Eenige aanteekeningen aangaande de bewoners der N. Westkust van Nieuw Guinea," _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-Landen Volkenkunde_, xxxi. (1886) p. 587. [59] A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. (Jena, 1869) p. 366.