II. Resolutions Adopted at the Conference of the Second All-Russian Congress of Trades Unions 191 III. Financial Policy and Results of the Activities of the People’s Commissariat of Finance 241 IV. REPORTS: (_a_) Metal Industry; (_b_) Development of Rural Industries; (_c_) Nationalization of Agriculture 255 ILLUSTRATIONS Mr. Average Man’s Impression of the Meaning of _Frontispiece_ Certain Russian Words FACING PAGE Red Army’s Infantry Division 22 Trotzky, Commissar of War and Marine 30 Lenin and Mrs. Lenin, Moscow, 1919 38 Lenin in the courtyard of the Kremlin, Moscow, 46 Summer of 1919 Lenin at his desk in the Kremlin, 1919 50 Lenin in Switzerland, March, 1919 62 Exterior and Interior of Lenin’s Home in Zurich 70 Gorky and Zinovieff 78 Zinovieff, President of the Petrograd Soviet 86 Chicherin, Commissar of Foreign Affairs 94 Litvinoff, Assistant Commissar of Foreign Affairs 102 Children of the Soviet School at Dietskoe Selo 110 Mrs. Lenin visiting a Soviet School 118 Soviet Propaganda Train 126 “Red Terror” 142 PREFACE Of the five weeks I spent in Soviet Russia ten days were spent in Moscow and eight in Petrograd. The remainder of the time I traveled along the Western Front, from the Esthonian border to Moghilev, with leisurely stops at Pskov, Vitebsk, Polotzk, Smolensk, and numerous small towns. I tried to see as much as possible of this vast and unknown land in the short time at my disposal, and I tried especially to check up from first-hand observation some of the many things I had heard on the outside. I also tried to test the truth of what was told me in Russia itself,—to find visible evidence of the fairness of the claims made. Some popular fancies were quickly dispelled. Disproof of others came sometimes in vividly concrete fashion.