Brewer and First Burgomaster of New Amsterdam (the present New York), 1644.] After the year 1721 coffee began to be extensively used, and at last Frederick the Great in order to check its introduction erected large coffee roasting establishments which had a monopoly of the business, and where the coffee was sold at an enormous price, only the nobility, having the right of roasting their coffee beans. “Coffee smellers” or spies were appointed to look out for evaders of the law, just as we have now beer and whisky smellers. On the 13th day of September, 1777, the great king issued his celebrated “coffee and beer manifesto.” It was particularly addressed to the provincial members (_Landstande_) of the provinces of Pommerania and Brandenburg, which were called the nurseries of his armies, and read as follows: “It is disgusting to notice the increase in the quantity of coffee used by my subjects and the amount of money that goes out of the country in consequence. Everybody is using coffee. If possible this must be prevented. My people must drink beer. His majesty was brought up on beer and so were his ancestors and his officers and soldiers. Many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer, and the king does not believe that coffee-drinking soldiers can be depended on to endure hardship or to beat his enemies in case of the occurrence of another war.” This proclamation had the desired effect, and coffee was thenceforth used merely as a luxury, while beer became the usual drink of the people. In the United States the pioneers in the brewing business were William Penn and Jacobus, a Dutch brewer of whom Irving tells us that he left the States General of Holland to settle on Manhattan Island in company with Hendricks, the Kips and others. It will be remembered that Manhattan Island was discovered by Hendrik Hudson in 1609 when he passed inside Sandy Hook in search of a northwest passage, and that it was granted by charter of the States General to the West India Company to colonize the island. The company was not slow to discover the advantages of such a concession and immediately set at work to build forts, a church, a mill and a bakery while Jacobus, who thoroughly understood the good effects of beer and the benefits that would follow its introduction in the colony, established a brewery (in 1644) and a beer garden on what is now the corner of Pearl street and Old Slip. He afterwards became the first burgomaster and is said to have dispensed beer and justice with equal gravity and impartiality, and to the complete satisfaction of the inhabitants of new Amsterdam. It may be interesting to some readers to know that while Jacobus settled near the lower end of the present city the Kips were established in the neighborhood of Bellevue Heights, and that on a part of that settlement—in East 38th street—stands now the well known and justly esteemed lager beer brewery of A. Huepfel’s Sons.