=Epiphytes.=—To be distinguished from the dependent plants are those that grow on other plants without taking food from them. These are green-leaved plants whose roots burrow in the bark of the host plant and perhaps derive some food from it, but which subsist chiefly on materials that they secure from air dust, rain water, and the air. These plants are =epiphytes= (meaning “upon plants”) or air-plants. Epiphytes abound in the tropics. Certain orchids are among the best known examples (Fig. 37). The Spanish moss or tillandsia of the South is another. Mosses and lichens that grow on trees and fences may also be called epiphytes. In the struggle for existence, the plants probably _have been driven to these special places_ in which to find opportunity to grow. Plants grow where they must, not where they will. SUGGESTIONS.—=114.= Is a puffball a plant? Why do you think so? =115.= Are mushrooms ever cultivated, and where and how? =116.= In what locations are mushrooms and toadstools usually found? (There is really no distinction between mushrooms and toadstools. They are all mushrooms.) =117.= What kinds of mildew, blight, and rust do you know? =118.= How do farmers overcome potato blight? Apple scab? Or any other fungous “plant disease”? =119.= How do these things injure plants? =120.= What is a plant disease? =121.= The pupil should know that every spot or injury on a leaf or stem is caused by something,—as an insect, a fungus, wind, hail, drought, or other agency. How many uninjured or perfect leaves are there on the plant growing nearest the schoolhouse steps? =122.= Give formula for Bordeaux mixture and tell how and for what it is used. CHAPTER XV. WINTER AND DORMANT BUDS =A bud is a growing point=, terminating an axis either long or short, or being the starting point of an axis. _All branches spring from buds._ In the growing season the bud is active; later in the season it ceases to increase the axis in length, and as winter approaches the growing point becomes more or less thickened and covered by protecting scales, in preparation for the long resting season. This resting, dormant, or winter body is what is commonly spoken of as a “bud.” A winter bud may be defined as an _inactive covered growing point_, waiting for spring. [Illustration: FIG. 137.—BUD OF APRICOT, showing the miniature leaves.] [Illustration: FIG. 138.—BUD OF PEAR, showing both leaves and flowers. The latter are the little knobs in the centre.]