In a large newly cleared area, plants usually _first establish themselves in dense colonies_. Note the great patches of nettles, jewel-weeds, smart-weeds, clot-burs, fire-weeds in recently cleared but neglected swales, also the fire-weeds in recently burned areas, the rank weeds in the neglected garden, and the ragweeds and May-weeds along the recently worked highway. The competition amongst themselves and with their neighbours finally breaks up the colonies, and _a mixed and intermingled flora is generally the result_. In many parts of the world the _general tendency of neglected areas is to run into forest_. All plants rush for the cleared area. Here and there bushes gain a foothold. Young trees come up; in time these shade the bushes and gain the mastery. Sometimes the area grows to poplars or birches, and people wonder why the original forest trees do not return; but these forest trees may be growing unobserved here and there in the tangle, and in the slow processes of time the poplars perish—for they are short-lived—and the original forest may be replaced. Whether one kind of forest or another returns will depend partly on the kinds that are most seedful in that vicinity and which, therefore, have sown themselves most profusely. Much depends, also, on the kind of undergrowth that first springs up, for some young trees can endure more or less shade than others. [Illustration: FIG. 10.—OVERGROWTH AND UNDERGROWTH IN THREE SERIES,—trees, bushes, grass.] Some plants _associate_. They grow together. This is possible largely because they diverge or differ in character. Plants associate in two ways: _by growing side by side_; _by growing above or beneath_. In sparsely populated societies, plants may grow alongside each other. In most cases, however, there is _overgrowth_ and _undergrowth_: one kind grows beneath another. Plants that have become adapted to shade are usually undergrowths. In a cat-tail swamp, grasses and other narrow-leaved plants grow in the bottom, but they are usually unseen by the casual observer. Note the undergrowth in woods or under trees (Fig. 10). Observe that in pine and spruce forests there is almost no undergrowth, partly because there is very little light. On the same area the societies may _differ at different times of the year_. There are spring, summer, and fall societies. The knoll which is cool with grass and strawberries in June may be aglow with goldenrod in September. If the bank is examined in May, look for the young plants that are to cover it in July and October; if in September, find the dead stalks of the flora of May. What succeeds the skunk cabbage, hepaticas, trilliums, phlox, violets, buttercups of spring? What precedes the wild sunflowers, ragweed, asters, and goldenrod of fall?